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Williamina Fleming

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Williamina Fleming
Fleming, c. 1890yn
Ennym ruggyreeWilliamina Paton Stevens
Ruggit15 Boaldyn 1857(1857-05-15)
Dùn Dèagh, Nalbin
Hooar baase21 Boaldyn 1911 (54 bleeaney d'eash)
Boston, Massachusetts, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit
Bun baaishbaase najooragh
Boayl oanluckeeRuillick Mount Auburn
Ynnyd beagheeBoston
AshoonaghtAlbinagh
SeyraanaghtSteatyn Unnaneysit America
Reeriaght Unnaneysit
ÇhengeyBaarle
Keirdrollageyder
FailleyderynReayrtlann Cholleish Harvard
Olteynys boayrdHarvard Computers
Sheshaght Rollageydys America
Sheshaght Rollageydys y Rank
Sheshaght Reeoil y Rollageydys
Kianglaghyn fysseree as sheshoil

She rollageyder Albinagh[1] va Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (15 Boaldyn 1857 – 21 Boaldyn 1911). Ec Reayrtlann Cholleish Harvard, chur ee rish rang-oardraghey fografagh spectrumyn rollageagh, red chur rush lhiasaghey corys enmyssee cadjin da rollageyn. Chur Fleming sheese ayns catalogyn ny smoo na jeih thousane dy rollageyn, 59 neeal gassagh, ny smoo na 310 rollage chaghlaaee, as 10 rollage noa, mastey phenomenonyn rollageydagh elley. Ta feddynys Neeal y Ching Chabbil 'sy vlein 1888 treishtit j'ee, as she cooidjeyder tuarastyllys ny mraane 'sy vagher eck v'ee.

Bea leah

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Va Williamina Paton Stevens ruggit ayns Dùn Dèagh, Nalbin, at 86 Nethergate,[2] er 15 Boaldyn 1857 lesh Mary Walker as Robert Stevens, giarreyder as airheyder. She nane ass shey dy chloan v'ee.[3] Hie e shuyr b'aa, Johanna Stevens, dy obbraghey ec Reayrtlann Cholleish Harvard chammah.[4] Goaill toshiaght as ee 14 bleeaney d'eash, hie ee dy obbraghey myr ynseyder-scollag.'Sy vlein 1877, phoose ee rish James Orr Fleming, coontysseyr as dooinney treoghe ass Dùn Dèagh chammah.[5] Va un vac ec y chubbyl, Edward P. Fleming.[6]

Coorse bea

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'Sy vlein 1878, as ee 21 vlein d'eash, darree ee as e dooinney sheshee dys Boston, Massachusetts, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.[5] Erreish da ren e dooinney sheshee treigeil ee as e mac aeg, hie ee dy obbraghey myr ben harvaant ayns thie yn Olloo Edward Charles Pickering, stiureyder Reayrtlann Cholleish Harvard (RCH). Ren ben heshee Pickering, Elizabeth, coyrlaghey dy row schleiyn ec Williamina harrish ny h-ellynyn thieoilagh as moiragh, as 'sy vlein 1879, daill Pickering Fleming dy stiurey obbyr reiragh phaart-emshiragh ec y reayrtlann.[7]

'Sy vlein 1881, chur Pickering cuirrey formoil da Fleming dy gholl stiagh 'sy RCH as dynsee eh j'ee kys spectrumyn rollageagh dy vynscrutaghey. Haink ee dy ve coontit mastey bun-olteynyn ny Harvard Computers ("Co-earrooderyn Harvard"), caidrey dy cho-earrooderyn deiney va jeant slane dy vraane as va failt dy cho-earroo rang-oardraghyn maddaghtoil as dy reaghey clouyn y reayrtlann.[8]

Ny Harvard Computers, y possan dy cho-earrooderyn bwoirrin ec Reayrtlann Cholleish Harvard, ren obbraghey er son y rollageyder Edward Charles Pickering. Ghow yn possan stiagh ny co-earrooderyn as rollageyderyn Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Annie Jump Cannon, Williamina Fleming, as Antonia Maury.

Catalog Henry Draper, 1886

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'Sy vlein 1886, ghow Mary Anna Draper, ben treoghe verçhagh y rollageyder Henry Draper, toshiaght rish Cooinaght Henry Draper dy hroggal argid da ronsaght yn RCH.[9][10] Myr freggyrt, hoshee yn RCH gobbraghey er y chied lhieggan jeh Catalog Henry Draper, shalee foddey-çhiarrymagh dy gheddyn ny spectrumyn shilleydagh veih wheesh rollageyn as va lowit as dy chlaaraghey as dy rang-oardraghey rollageyn rere spectrumyn.[11]

Va freggyrtys shalee Chatalog Draper currit da Fleming.[8] Ansherbee, daase meechoardailys ayn bentyn rish rang-oardraghey ny rollageyn tammylt beg ny yei.[7] Ghow Nettie Farrar toshiaght rish y vynscrutaghey, agh dirree ee ass reggyry dy veeghyn ny s'anmey dy phoosey. Ren Antonia Maury moylley skeim rang-oardraghey cramp. Er y laue elley, va Fleming shirrey bollagh jeeragh aashagh.[12]

Va ny jallooyn s'noa lesh Reayrtlann Cholleish Harvard cummal spectrumyn fotografit jeh rollageyn va sheeyney stiagh 'sy rheam erskyn-ghorrym, red chur rish rang-oardraghyn ny s'cruinn na recortyssey na spectrumyn er laueyn trooid greie 'syn oie.[7] Chum Fleming corys – corys Pickering–Fleming – da rang-oardraghey rollageyn rere mooadys conastagh y hiddragien va fakinit ayns ny spectrumyn oc.[13] Va rollageyn va taishbyney dy nee hiddragien y bun-stoo s'palçhey rang-oardit myr rollageyn A; adsyn va taishbyney dy nee hiddragien y nah vun-stoo s'palçhey, v'ad rang-oardit myr rollageyn B; as myr shen.

Ny s'anmey, ren e co-obbree Annie Jump Cannon aa-reaghey yn corys rang-oardraghey dy ve bunnit er çhiassid eaghtyragh ny rollageyn, red vunnee corys spectragh Harvard ta foast ymmydit jiu.[14]

'Sy vlein 1890, hoilshee yn RCH y chied lhieggan jeh Catalog Henry Draper kyndagh rish bleeantyn d'obbyr lesh fwirran ny co-earrooderyn bwoirrin. Va'n catalog shen jeant seose jeh ny smoo 10,000 rollage as ad rang-oardit rere y spectrum oc. Ren Fleming y vooar chooid jeh ny rang-oardraghyn shen.[15] Chammah's shen, chur Fleming sheese bun da cosoylaght ny plaityn recortyssee rere rang-oardraghey thousaneyn dy fotografyn rere fodreayrtan as fysseree enney elley.[7] 'Sy vlein 1898, v'ee pointit myr Curmeyder ny Fotografyn Rollageydagh ec Harvard, y chied ven dy row pointit da'n churrym shen.[13]

Ec Feailley yn Dowan ayns Chicago 'sy vlein 1893, voyll Fleming er son mraane elley ayns ny h-oaylleeaghtyn 'sy loayrtys eck "A Field for Woman's Work in Astronomy" ("Magher da Obbyr ny Mraane 'sy Rollageydys"), raad ren ee ardjaghey faill ny cooneyderyn bwoirrin 'sy rollageydys. Chur e loayrtys sannish rish y choardailys lhee rish eie injillid nyr mraane, agh ec y traa cheddin v'ee smooinaghtyn dy dod ad ve nyn gochorrymee my vees ny smoo caaghyn oc; ayns focklyn elley, va ny caghlaaghyn keintyssagh bunnit er y chultoor as chan er y vea-oaylleeaght.[16]

Feddynyssyn ardghooagh

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Car e coorse bea, ren Fleming feddyn magh 59 neeal, ny smoo na 310 rollage chaghlaaee, as 10 rollage noa.[5] T'eh coontey Neeal y Ching Chabbil as V Persei ny mast'oc

Fleming, yesh veih'n vean, ec y Chiarroo Co-choyrle jeh'n Unnaneys Eddyrashoonagh cour Co-obbraghey 'sy Ronsaght Ghreiney ec Reayrtlann Mount Wilson, 1910

'Sy vlein 1888, ren Fleming feddyn magh Neeal y Ching Chabbil[6] er plait fodreayrtan-fotogrameadraght va jeant lesh y rollageyder W. H. Pickering, braar lesh E. C. Pickering. Chur ee sheese dy row "jingey lieh-chiarkylagh 5 minnid er crantessen as 30 minnid çheu yiass veih Zeta Orionis" ec y neeal gial (va enmyssit ny s'anmey myr IC 434). Cha ren clouyn keirdey ny yei cur treisht da Fleming son y feddynys shen. Lhig y chied lhieggan jeh Catalog Ayndagh Dreyer shaghey ennym Fleming veih rolley ny contoyrtyssee as hug ad y slane obbyr gys lieh "Pickering." Ansherbee, roish soilshaghey magh y nah lhieggan jeh Catalog Ayndagh Dreyer 'sy vlein 1908, va enney mie ec Flaming as e co-obbreeyn ec y RCH as hooar ad treisht chiart son nyn feddynyssyn.

Chammah's shen, ta feddynys y chied chrivassan bane treishtit da Fleming:

The first person who knew of the existence of white dwarfs was Mrs. Fleming; the next two, an hour or two later, Professor E. C. Pickering and I. With characteristic generosity, Pickering had volunteered to have the spectra of the stars which I had observed for parallax looked up on the Harvard plates. All those of faint absolute magnitude turned out to be of class G or later. Moved with curiosity I asked him about the companion of 40 Eridani. Characteristically, again, he telephoned to Mrs. Fleming who reported within an hour or so, that it was of Class A.

— Henry Norris Russell[17][a]

'Sy vlein 1910, hoilshee Fleming magh e feddynys jeh rollageyn crivassanagh bane.[5] Ta e clouyn ardghooagh elley goaill stiagh A Photographic Study of Variable Stars (1907), rolley 222 rollage chaghlaaee va feddynit magh eck; as Spectra and Photographic Magnitudes of Stars in Standard Regions (1911).

Haink ee dy ve ny seyraanagh Americaanagh 'sy vlein 1907.[18]

Hooar ee baase veih'n niumoan ayns Boston er 21 Boaldyn 1911,[6][5][19] as ee 54 bleeaney d'eash.

Onnoryn

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Eiraght

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Noteyn

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  1. ↑ "She Bnr Fleming va'n chied pheiagh va fys eck dy row crivassanyn ayn; y chied jees elley, oor ny daa ny s'anmey, yn Olloo E. C. Pickering as mish hene. Lesh feoiltys cowreydagh, ren Pickering dy arryltagh spectrumyn ny rollageyn va fakinit ayms son parallacs shirrit er plaityn Harvard. Adsyn as mooadys absaloidagh baiht oc, haink ad dy ve coontit mastey brastyl G ny ny s'anmey. Lesh peeikearys, deysht mee fy cumraag 40 Eridani. Reesht dy cowreydagh, dyllee eh Bnr Fleming er y çhellvane as dreggyr ee roish oor er y chlag dy nee Brastyl A v'eh.

Imraaghyn

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  1. ↑ McLauchlan, Richard (2024-12-28). "Meet the most influential Scots you've probably never heard of". www.thetimes.com (ayns Baarle). Feddynit magh er 2025-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: çhengey gyn enney (link)
  2. ↑ "WilliaminaFleming". Scientific Women. Feddynit magh er 2024-06-06.
  3. ↑ Ewan, Elizabeth; Innes, Sue; Reynolds, Sian (2006). The biographical dictionary of Scottish women: from the earliest times to 2004. Doon Edin, Nalbin: Edinburgh University Press. dg. 121. ISBN 978-0748626601. OCLC 367680960. Feddynit magh er 14 Toshiaght Arree 2019.
  4. ↑ "Johanna Mackie". library.cfa.harvard.edu (ayns Baarle). Feddynit magh er 2024-03-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: çhengey gyn enney (link)
  5. ↑ a b c d e f "Women Working 1800–1930, Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (1857–1911)". Harvard University Library Open Collections Program. Er ny hashtey veih yn lhieggan bunneydagh er 2 Averil 2018. Feddynit magh er 28 Luanistyn 2017. With links to manuscripts and other resources.
  6. ↑ a b c d Cannon, Annie J. (Mean Souree 1911). "Williamina Paton Fleming". Science. Ym-lioar 33 (861): 987–988. doi:10.1126/science.33.861.987. PMID 17799863. Bibcode: 1911Sci....33..987C. 
  7. ↑ a b c d Sobel, Dava (2016). The Glass Universe. Viking. dgn. xii. ISBN 978-0698148697.
  8. ↑ a b "Williamina Paton Fleming".
  9. ↑ Barker, George F. (1887). "On the Henry Draper Memorial Photographs of Stellar Spectra". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Ym-lioar 24: 166–172. 
  10. ↑ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century: a Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography. MIT Press. dg. 75. ISBN 978-0-262-65038-0.
  11. ↑ "The Henry Draper Memorial" (1915). Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Ym-lioar 9: 203. Bibcode: 1915JRASC...9..203C. 
  12. ↑ Mack, Pamela (1990). "Straying from their orbits: Women in astronomy in America". Ayns Kass-Simon, G.; Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah (rdyn.). Women of Science: Righting the Record. Bloomington, IN, SUA: Indiana University Press. dg. 99. ISBN 9780253208132. OCLC 28112853. Feddynit magh er 1 Averil 2014.
  13. ↑ a b Williamina Fleming ec Encyclopædia Britannica
  14. ↑ Natasha Geiling (18 Mean Fouyir 2013). "The Women Who Mapped the Universe And Still Couldn't Get Any Respect". Smithsonian Magazine. Feddynit magh er 19 Toshiaght Arree 2019.
  15. ↑ Ollooscoill Harvard. "About the Collection", Harvard.edu.
  16. ↑ Rossiter, Margaret W. (1980). ""Women's Work" in Science, 1880–1910". Isis. Ym-lioar 71 (3): 381–398. doi:10.1086/352540. 
  17. ↑ Russell, Henry Norris (June 1944). "Notes on white dwarfs and small companions". The Astronomical Journal. Ym-lioar 51: 13. doi:10.1086/105780. Bibcode: 1944AJ.....51...13R. 
  18. ↑ "Williamina Fleming". The Linda Hall Library (ayns Baarle). Feddynit magh er 2022-12-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: çhengey gyn enney (link)
  19. ↑ "Williamina FLEMING". scientificwomen.net.
  20. ↑ "Inicio | Sociedad Astronomica de México AC". Sociedad Astronómica (ayns Spaainish). Feddynit magh er 2024-03-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: çhengey gyn enney (link)
  21. ↑ "Williamina Fleming". Dundee Women's Trail. 7 Nollick 2020. Feddynit magh er 13 Nollick 2024. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= as |date= (cooney)
  22. ↑ "IAU, WGSBN Bulletin, Ym-l. 2, ear. 1, 17 Jerrey Geuree 2022" (PDF). Er ny hashtey veih yn lhieggan bunneydagh (PDF) er 2024-12-29. Feddynit magh er 2025-10-22.

Lhaih neesht

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Kianglaghyn magh

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Fograghyn baaish

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