Jeeagh er bun Mynorgaanagh

{{Art reiht rollage}}
[[Coadan:Yellow mite (Tydeidae) Lorryia formosa 2 edit.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Lorryia formosa - sorçh dy vyn-veeyllag]]

She [[bioag]] do-akin da'n tooill eh '''mynvioagh''' (ny '''mynorgaanagh'''). Hooar magh [[Anton van Leeuwenhoek]] dy row ad ayn ayns 1675. She [[myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght]] y studeyrys er lheid ny bioagyn, lesh [[mynreayrtan]] son adsyn y 'akin.

Ta ymmodee sorçhyn dy vyn-vioagh ayn; t'ad goaill stiagh [[bacteyr]]yn, [[fungys]]syn, [[archaea]], [[protista]], [[algey glass|algaghyn glassey]] as kuse dy [[baagh|veiyn]] beggey, myr sampleyr, [[plankton]]. Ta kuse dy vyn-vioagh-oayllee cur [[veerys]]syn nyn mast'oc, agh fir elley, er lhieusyn nagh vel ad bio.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar
  |screeudeyr=Rybicki EP 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics 
  | earishlioar=S Aft J Sci 
  | ym-lioar=86 
  | duillag=182–6 
  | blein=1990 
  | issn=0038-2353}}</ref><ref name=pmid13481308>{{enmysearishlioar
  | screeudeyr=LWOFF A
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=The concept of virus
  | earishlioar=J. Gen. Microbiol.
  | ym-lioar=17
  | earroo=2
  | duillag=239–53
  | blein=1957
  | pmid=13481308
}}</ref>  Ta’n chooid smoo jeu nyn mioagyn [[un-chillagagh]], agh cha nel dagh ooilley fer; ta kuse dy vioagyn [[yl-chillagagh]] mynreayrtagh, as kuse dy phrotistyn as bacteyryn [[macroreayrtagh]], dy ghra myr shen, ry-akin da’n tooill (myr sampleyr, ''[[Thiomargarita namibiensis]]'').<ref>{{enmyseddyrvoggyl
  | kiangley = http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/1999/news17_99.htm 
  | ennym = Max Planck Society Research News Release
  | datefeddyn = 2009-05-21
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref>

Ta mynvioee cummal er feie ny cruinney, ayns dagh rheynn ny [[bea-chruinney]] raad ta [[ushtey]] [[fliughid|fliugh]], goaill stiagh [[thalloo]], [[çhibbyr heh|çhibbraghyn çhehey]], er grunt ny [[marrey]], ard ‘syn [[aeraght]], as duinid ayns [[bleayst ny cruinney]].  Ta feme orroo er son aa-choorsal beaghey ayns [[eggochorys]]syn.  Ta jargaght [[tashtey nitrageen]] ec kuse dy vyn-vioee, as myr shen, ta laue scanshoil oc ‘sy [[corys nitrageen|chorys nitrageen]].  Foddee dy vel laue oc ayns [[frassaghey]] as [[emshir]] myrgeddin.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Christner BC, Morris CE, Foreman CM, Cai R, Sands DC 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall 
  | earishlioar=Science 
  | ym-lioar=319 
  | earroo=5867 
  | duillag=1214 
  | blein=2008 
  | pmid=18309078 
  | doi = 10.1126/science.1149757
}}</ref>

Ta ymmyd jeant jeh mynvioee ayns [[bea-haghnoaylleeaght]] chammah, ayns [[gyle]] as [[braghey]] tradishoonagh, as ayns çhaghnoaylleeaght jeianagh ta jannoo ymmyd jeh [[jeshaghteyrys gienntagagh]].  Er y laue elley, ta [[mynvioagh gorlagh|mynvioee ghorlagh]] lane assee; t'ad goll stiagh bioagyn elley as gaase ayndaue, as shen bun [[aslaynt]]yn ta marroo millioonyn dy 'leih, beiyn as lossreeyn.<ref>{{enmyseddyrvoggyl 
  | kiangley = http://www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/index.html
  | ennym = WHO Mortality Database: Tables
  | datefeddyn = 2009-11-25
}}</ref>

== Shennaghys ==
=== Aafilley ===

She mynvioee un-chillagagh [[bun vea|haink rish s'leaie]] er y chruinney, mysh 3-4 billioon blein er dy henney.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Schopf J 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Fossil evidence of Archaean life 
  | kiangley=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/g38537726r273422/fulltext.pdf 
  | earishlioar=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 
  | ym-lioar=361 
  | earroo=1470 
  | duillag=869–85 
  | blein=2006 
  | pmid=16754604 
  | doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 
  | pmc=1578735}}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Altermann W, Kazmierczak J 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Archean microfossils: a reappraisal of early life on Earth 
  | earishlioar=Res Microbiol 
  | ym-lioar=154 
  | earroo=9 
  | duillag=611–7 
  | blein=2003 
  | pmid=14596897 
  | doi = 10.1016/j.resmic.2003.08.006}}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Cavalier-Smith T 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution 
  | kiangley=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/0164755512w92302/fulltext.pdf 
  | earishlioar=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 
  | ym-lioar=361 
  | earroo=1470 
  | duillag=969–1006 
  | blein=2006 
  | pmid=16754610 
  | doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1842 
  | pmc=1578732}}</ref> B’voal eh aafilley ny lurg shen,<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Schopf J 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic 
  | pmc=44277
  | earishlioar = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 
  | ym-lioar = 91 
  | earroo = 15 
  | duillag = 6735–42 
  | blein = 1994 
  | pmid = 8041691 
  | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735}}</ref> as rish 3 billioon blein ‘syn [[Eash Roie-Chambriagh]] va dagh ooilley bioag mynreayrtagh.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Stanley S 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=An Ecological Theory for the Sudden Origin of Multicellular Life in the Late Precambrian 
  | earishlioar=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 
  | ym-lioar=70 
  | earroo=5 
  | duillag=1486–9 
  | blein=1973 
  | mee=May 
  | pmid=16592084
  | pmc=433525 
  | doi = 10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486}}</ref> Myr shen, car y chooid smoo jeh shennaghys ny seihill, cha row agh mynvioee ayn.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = DeLong E, Pace N 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea 
  | earishlioar = Syst Biol 
  | ym-lioar = 50 
  | earroo = 4 
  | duillag = 470–8 
  | blein = 2001 
  | pmid = 12116647 
  | doi = 10.1080/106351501750435040}}</ref> Ta oayllee er chur enney er bacteyryn, algaghyn as fungyssyn ayns ombyr 220 millioon blein d’eash, as ta’n feanish shoh taishbyney nagh vel [[jalloo-oaylleeaght (bea-oaylleeaght)|jalloo-oaylleeaght]] vyn-vioee er gaghlaa monney derrey’n [[Eash Triassagh]].<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Schmidt A, Ragazzi E, Coppellotti O, Roghi G 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = A microworld in Triassic amber 
  | earishlioar = Nature 
  | ym-lioar = 444 
  | earroo = 7121 
  | duillag = 835 
  | blein = 2006 
  | pmid = 17167469 
  | doi = 10.1038/444835a}}</ref>

Ta’n chooid smoo dy vyn-vioee geddyn sliught dy tappee, as foddee lheid as bacteyryn co-cheaghley [[gienntag]]yn eddyr [[dooghys]]syn anchasley rish y cheilley, liorish [[co-whingaghey bacteyragh]], [[goaill stiagh gienntag]] as [[cur stiagh gienntag]].<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Wolska K 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment 
  | earishlioar = Acta Microbiol Pol 
  | ym-lioar = 52 
  | earroo = 3 
  | duillag = 233–43 
  | blein = 2003
  | pmid = 14743976}}</ref> Ta’n [[co-cheaghley co-chruinnagh ghienyn]] shoh, as myrane lesh reat ard [[arraghey (bea-oaylleeaght)|arraghey]] as saaseyn caghlaa gienntag elley, lhiggey da mynvioee aafilley dy tappee (trooid [[reih najooragh]]) son dy hannaghtyn bio ayns çhymbylaghtyn noa as freggyrt da preays çhymbylagh.  Ta’n aafilley tappee shoh scanshoil ayns [[lheeys]], er y fa dy vel [[shassoo noi noi-veiyn|ard-vunniagyn]] çheet rish.  Ta ny bacteyryn gorlagh shoh lieh-yeenagh noi [[noi-vaagh|noi-veiyn]] jeianagh.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Enright M, Robinson D, Randle G, Feil E, Grundmann H, Spratt B 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) 
  | earishlioar = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 
  | ym-lioar = 99 
  | earroo = 11 
  | duillag = 7687–92 
  | blein = 2002 
  | mee=May 
  | pmid = 12032344 
  | pmc=124322 
  | kiangley=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12032344 
  | doi = 10.1073/pnas.122108599}}</ref>

=== Roish myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght ===

Va resoonaght ayn er my row myn-vioee ayn ny dyn rish keeadyn roish my hie ad er feddyn 'sy [[17oo Eash]].  Screeu scoillar [[Shenn Raue|Romangh]] [[Marcus Terentius Varro]] er cretooryn mynreayrtagh 'sy lioar liorish, ''{{lang|la|[[De Re Rustica]]}}'' ("Er Eirinaght"), 'sy [[1d Eash]].  V'eh cur coyrle noi soiaghey thie balley faggys da curree:
{{cquote|Ta feme er roie-arrey faggys da curree, er coontey ny h-oyryn heose, as er y fa dy vel ad skeaylley shiartanse dy vyn-veiyn, do-akin da'n tooill, as t'adsyn snaue 'syn aer stiagh 'sy chorp trooid y veeal as y troyn, as gientyn doghanyn trome.<ref>{{enmyslioar
  | ennym =  De Re Rustica 
  | screeudeyr = Marcus Terentius Varro
  | ym-lioar = 1
  | cabdil = xii
  | blein = 37 RJC
  | çhengey = Ladjyn
  | aaraa = Advertendum etiam, siqua erunt loca palustria, et propter easdem causas, et quod crescunt animalia quaedam minuta, quae non possunt oculi consequi, et per aera intus in corpus per os ac nares perveniunt atque efficiunt difficilis morbos.
  | curmagh = Loeb Classical Library, 1934
  | kiangley = http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Varro/de_Re_Rustica/home.html
}}
</ref>}}

Ayns ''[[Kitāb al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb]]'' ({{rtl-lang|ar|كتاب القانون في الطب}}, "Leigh Lheeys") (1025), screeu [[Abū Alī ibn Sīnā]] dy vel taalyn y chorp goll er sollaghey liorish corpyn seihlltagh joarree roish my jig çhingys er.<ref name=Syed>{{enmysearishlioar
  | last=Syed
  | first=Ibrahim B. 
  | kiangleyscreeudeyr= 
  | coscreeudeyryn= 
  | blein=2002 
  | mee= 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times 
  | earishlioar=[[Journal of the Islamic Medical Association]] 
  | ym-lioar=2 
  | earroo= 
  | duillag=2–9
  | id= 
  | kiangley= 
  | datefeddyn= 
  | aaraa= }}</ref>  Hug roish eh y sheiltynys dy nod [[gorley shymlee]] as çhingyssyn elley skeaylley eddyr sleih, dy ghra myr shen, dy row ad nyn [[gorley gowaltagh|ngorlaghyn gowaltagh]].  Ren eh ymmyd jeh [[quaranteen]] son dy lhiettal ad.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar
  | last=Tschanz
  | first=David W. 
  | kiangleyscreeudeyr= 
  | coscreeudeyryn= 
  | blein= 
  | mee= 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Arab Roots of European Medicine 
  | earishlioar=Heart Views 
  | ym-lioar=4 
  | earroo=2 
  | duillag=
  | id= 
  | kiangley= 
  | datefeddyn= 
  | aaraa= }}</ref>

Rish [[y Gorley Doo]] ([[phlaih fairaigagh]]) roshtyn [[al-Andalus]] ‘sy [[Y Spaainey|Spaainey]] ‘sy [[14oo eash]], screeu Ibn Khatima dy row “myn-chorpyn” gowaltagh bun ghorley gowaltagh lesh adsyn çheet stiagh ‘sy chorp.<ref name=Syed/> Ayns 1546, hug roish [[Girolamo Fracastoro]] dy row bun [[ym-ghorley|çhingyssyn theayagh]] nheeghyn rassagh yn-astreeaghey nod ymmyrkey gorley liorish coventyn jeeragh ny neuyeearagh, as eer gyn coventyn harrish foddeeaght mooar.

She eieyn barelagh v’ayn er myn-vioee, gyn fysseree ny oaylleeaght erbee.  Cha row feanish, taishbyney ny soilshaghey kiart mynyngione derrey’n 17oo eash.  Shen er y fa nagh row [[mynreayrtan]]yn ry-gheddyn oc.

=== Shennaghys ‘eddyn magh myn-vioee ===
{{jeeagh|Shennaghys vea-oaylleeaght}}

[[Coadan:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]], y chied [[myn-vea-oayllee]] as y chied dy ‘akin myn-vioagyn liorish [[mynreayrtan]].]]

Va [[Anton van Leeuwenhoek]] mastey ny kied sleih dy ‘akin myn-vioagyn, liorish mynreayrtan rere’n chiaddey echey hene.  Va’n cohortys hug eh da [[bea-oaylleeaght]] mastey ny smoo scanshoil rieau.<ref>{{enmyslioar
  | screeudeyr = Payne, A.S. 
  | ennym = The Cleere Observer: A Biography of Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
  | duillag = dg. 13
  | soilsheyder = Macmillan
  | blein = 1970
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref>  By [[Robert Hooke]] eh y chied ren scrutaghey er bioagyn liorish mynreayrtan; screeu eh er [[killag]]yn [[lus|losseree]] ‘sy lioar 1665 echey, ''[[Micrographia]]''.  

Roish my hooar magh Leeuwenhoek myn-vioee ayns 1675, cha hoig ad cre’n fa dod oo jannoo [[feeyn]] jeh [[smeïr-feeyney]], [[caashey]] jeh [[bainney]], ny cre’n fa va bee loauaghey.  Cha ren Leeuwenhoek kiangley ny h-obbraghyn shoh as myn-vioee, agh phrow eh dy row bioagyn ayn nagh row ry-akin da’n tooill.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Leeuwenhoek A 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs 
  | kiangley=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/link.asp?id=4j53731651310230 
  | earishlioar = Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775) 
  | ym-lioar = 22 
  | duillag = 509–18 
  | blein = 1753 
  | doi = 10.1098/rstl.1700.0013 
  | datefeddyn=30 November 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Leeuwenhoek A 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them 
  | kiangley=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/link.asp?id=fl73121jk4150280 
  | earishlioar = Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775) 
  | ym-lioar = 23 
  | duillag = 1304–11
  | blein = 1753 
  | doi=10.1098/rstl.1702.0042 
  | datefeddyn=30 November 2006 }}</ref> Obbyr Leeuwenhoek, myrane lesh tastaghyn [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] as [[Louis Pasteur]], hug ad jerrey er y çhenn eie dy row bea [[hene-ghientyn]] ass stoo neuvio trooid loauaghey.  Hooar magh [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]] dy dod eh [[shiastey (myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght)|jannoo awree shiast]] liorish broie, as marroo myn-vioee erbee v'aynjee.  Hooar eh magh myrgeddin nagh nod myn-vioee noa soiaghey urree mannagh beagh eh goll er anchoodaghey da'n aer.  Dobbyr Louis Pasteur ny smoo er y chooish, lesh anchoodaghey awree broit da'n aer ayns saaghyn as shollane oc, son dy lhiettal breneenyn jeh goll ny hrooid da'n awree, as ayns saaghyn gyn shollane.  Haink stiagh yn aer trooid feddan cruillagh nagh lhig da joan bentyn rish yn awree.  Lesh broie yn awree 'sy toshiaght, v'eh shickyr nagh row myn-vioee bio erbee 'syn awree ec y toshiaght.  Cha daase red erbee 'syn awree car prowaltys Phasteur.  Haishbynee shen dy row bioee erbee daase ayns lheid yn awree çheet stiagh jeh çheumooie, myr [[sporrag|sporragyn]] er joan, as cha jagh ad er hene-gheintyn 'syn awree.  Hug shen builley baaish da'n çheiltynys hene-ghientyn, as hug eh feanish da'n [[sheiltynys bunniag ny çhingys|çheiltynys bunniag]]

Ayns 1876, phrow [[Robert Koch]] dy row myn-vioee nyn mun çhingys.  Hooar eh magh dy row ram ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' ayns fuill ollee as [[antraks]] orroo, dagh keayrt.  Dod eh ymmyrkey antaks jeh un vaagh da fer elley, liorish goaill beggan dy 'uill jeh'n vaagh çhing as ish y hilgey stiagh ayns fer sunt, as hug shen çhingys er y vaagh sunt.  Hooar eh magh myrgeddin dy dod eh aase y bacteyr ayns awree beaghee, as eshyn y hilgey stiagh ayns baagh sunt, as verragh shen çhingys er.  Er bun ny prowaltyssyn shoh, ren eh slatjyn howse er son prowal kiangley oyragh eddyr myn-vioagh as çhingys: [[eabbaghyn Choch]].<ref>{{enmyseddyrvoggyl
  | kiangley = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/ 
  | ennym = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905
  | screeudeyr =  Nobelprize.org 
  | datefeddyn = 2006-11-22
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref> Ga nagh vel ad bentyn da dagh cooish, ta scansh shennaghyssagh oc bentyn rish aase smooinaght oaylleeagh, as ta ymmyd jeant jeu foast.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = O'Brien S, Goedert J 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled 
  | earishlioar = Curr Opin Immunol 
  | ym-lioar = 8 
  | earroo = 5 
  | duillag = 613–18 
  | blein = 1996 
  | pmid = 8902385 
  | doi = 10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6}}</ref>

== Rang-oardraghey ==
[[Coadan:Tree of life int.svg|thumb|380px|right|Shoh [[Billey phylogienagh|billey aafilleydagh]] son dy haishbyney shennayraght chadjin tree [[ream (bea-oaylleeaght)|reamyn]] vea.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life 
  | earishlioar=Science 
  | ym-lioar=311 
  | earroo=5765 
  | duillag=1283–7 
  | blein=2006 
  | pmid=16513982 
  | doi = 10.1126/science.1123061}}</ref> Ta [[bacteyr|bacteyryn]] ayns gorrym, [[eukaryote|eukaryoteyn]] ayns jiarg, as [[archaea]] ayns geayney. Ta ynnydyn kuse dy [[phylum|phyla]] ayns cosoylaght rish y cheilley ry-akin mygeayrt-y-mysh.]]

Ma myn-vioee ry-akin er feie rheam vea ny cruinney.  Ta [[bacteyr]]yn as [[archaea]] mynreayrtagh dy kinjagh, bunnys, as ta shiartanse dy [[eukaryote]]yn mynreayrtagh myrgeddin.  T'adsyn goaill stiagh [[Protista|protistyn]], [[fungys|fyngyssyn]], as shiartanse dy [[myn-vaagh]]yn as lossreeyn. Cha nel ad goaill rish dy cadjin dy vel [[Veerys|veerysyn]] bio, as myr shen, cha nee myn-vioee t'ayn, ga dy vel [[myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght]] goaill stiagh studeyrys orroo.

=== Prokaryota ===

{{ardart|Prokaryota}}

She possan dy bioagyn [[prokaryota]], as adsyn gyn [[çheshvean killag|çheshvean]] ny [[mynolt]]yn far-chrackanagh elley.  Myr shen t'ad anchasley rish ny [[eukaryota]] as çheshvean ocsyn.  Ta'n chooid smoo jeu lane [[un-chillagagh]], agh beggan beg dy phrokaryota (myr sampleyr, [[mycsobacteria]]), ta eashyn yl-chillagagh ayns nyn mea.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar
  | screeudeyr = Kaiser D
  | ennym = Coupling cell movement to multicellular development in myxobacteria 
  | earishlioar = Nature Reviews Microbiology
  | ym-lioar = 1
  | earroo = 1
  | duillag = 45-54
  | blein = 2003
  | mee = Jerrey Fouyir
  | pmid=15040179
  | doi=10.1038/nrmicro733
}}</ref>  

Ta daa ream ec ny prokaryoteyn, [[bacteyr]]yn as [[archaea]].  She possan dy vioagyn smoo anchasley as lhieenar ny cruinney t'ayn, as adsyn cummal raad erbee ta ushtey fliugh ry-gheddyn as ta'n çhiassid fo +140&nbsp;°C.  T'ad cummal ayns [[sailley]], [[thalloo]], [[aeraght ny cruinney|aer]], [[cassan collaneagh-gastragh|cassanyn collaneagh-gastragh]] veiyn, [[çhibbyr çheh|çhibbraghyn çhehey]], as foddey fo bleayst ny cruinney ayns [[creg]]yn.<ref name=Gold>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Gold T 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=The deep, hot biosphere 
  | earishlioar=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 
  | ym-lioar=89 
  | earroo=13 
  | duillag=6045–9 
  | blein=1992 
  | pmid=1631089 
  | doi= 10.1073/pnas.89.13.6045 
  | pmc=49434}}</ref> Ta prokaryoteyn er dagh eaghtyr nagh vel er ny hiastey er lheh, faggys.  T'ad credjal dy vel mysh qeuig millioon trillioon trillioon jeu ayn, dy ghra myr shen 5×10<sup>30</sup>.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Whitman W, Coleman D, Wiebe W 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Prokaryotes: the unseen majority 
  | doi= 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578 
  | earishlioar = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 
  | ym-lioar = 95 
  | earroo = 12 
  | duillag = 6578–83 
  | blein = 1998 
  | pmid = 9618454 
  | pmc = 33863}}</ref>

==== Bacteyryn ====
{{ardart|Bacteyr}}
[[Coadan:Staphylococcus aureus 01.jpg|thumb|250 px|Bacteyryn ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' er nyn mooadaghey 10,000x]]

Ta faggys dagh bacteyr do-akin da'n tooill, er lhimmey jeh fir ghoan, myr sampleyr, ''[[Thiomargarita namibiensis]]''.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Schulz H, Jorgensen B 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Big bacteria 
  | earishlioar = Annu Rev Microbiol 
  | ym-lioar = 55 
  | duillag = 105–37 
  | blein =2001 
  | pmid=11544351 
  | doi = 10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105}}</ref> She [[un-chillagagh|un-chillagee]] t'ayn, gyn myn-organeyn far-chrackanagh.  Ta'n genome oc un loob dy [[GDN]], ga dy nod rheynn beg dy GDN, [[plasmaid|plasmaidyn]], ve ayndaue.  T'ad goll er skeaylley eddyr killagyn liorish [[co-whingaghey bacteyragh]].  Ta [[boaylley killag]] oc, as eshyn cur lajer as neulhoobid daue.  T'ad geddyn sliught liorish [[scoltey jeesoil]] ny [[cur magh buinney]], agh cha nel ad jannoo [[gientyn keintyssagh]].  Ta kuse dy ghooie jannoo [[endosporrag|endosporragyn]] feer aalhiemmagh, agh she aase dy hannaghtyn bio t'ayn son bacteyryn, cha nel aase ghientyn.  Ayns çhymbylaght share daue, foddee bacteyryn dooblaghey ad hene cho mennick as dagh 10 minnidyn.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Eagon R 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Pseudomonas natriegens, a marine bacterium with a generation time of less than 10 minutes 
  | earishlioar = J Bacteriol 
  | ym-lioar = 83 
  | earroo = 
  | duillag = 736–7 
  | blein =1962 
  | pmid=13888946 
  | pmc = 279347
}}</ref>

==== Archaea ====
{{ardart|Archaea}}

Ta archaea nyn un-chillagee gyn çheshvean, gollrish bacteyryn.  'sy traa t'er ngoll shaghey, cha dug ad tastey da ny h-anchaslyssyn eddyr oc, as v'ad cliaghtey cur bacteyryn myrane lesh archaea 'sy reeriaght [[Monera]].  Ayns 1990, hug roish y myn-vioagh-oayllee [[Carl Woese]] y [[corys tree reamyn]], as eshyn eddyrscarrey bioagyn ayns bacteyryn, archaea as nd eukaryoteyn.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya 
  | doi= 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 
  | earishlioar = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 
  | ym-lioar = 87 
  | earroo = 12 
  | duillag = 4576–9 
  | blein = 1990 
  | pmid=2112744 
  | pmc = 54159}}</ref> Ta anchaslyssyn eddyr bacteyryn as archaea bentyn rish gien-oaylleeaght as bea-chemmig.  Myr sampleyr, ta far-chrackanyn ec y ghaa; agh ta'n [[far-chrackan killag]] bacteyragh ass [[fosfaar-lipaid|fosfaar-glisreed]] lesh kianglaghyn [[ester|esteragh]], as ta'n far-chrackan archaeagh ass [[lipaid eethyr|lipaidyn eethyr]].<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=De Rosa M, Gambacorta A, Gliozzi A 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Structure, biosynthesis, and physicochemical properties of archaebacterial lipids 
  | earishlioar=Microbiol. Rev. 
  | ym-lioar=50 
  | earroo=1 
  | duillag=70–80 
  | blein=1986 
  | pmid=3083222 
  | kiangley=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=3083222 
  | mee=Mar 
  | laa=01 
  | pmc=373054
}}</ref>

Hie archaea er nyn soilshaghey magh ayns sur-hymbylaghtyn ec y toshiaght, myr sampleyr, çhibbraghyn çhehey, agh t'ad er nyn veddyn ayns dagh ooilley oayll neayr's shen.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Robertson C, Harris J, Spear J, Pace N 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Phylogenetic diversity and ecology of environmental Archaea 
  | earishlioar = Curr Opin Microbiol 
  | ym-lioar = 8 
  | earroo = 6 
  | duillag = 638–42 
  | blein = 2005 
  | pmid = 16236543 
  | doi = 10.1016/j.mib.2005.10.003}}</ref> T'ad fakin dy ve feer chadjin; she [[crenarchaeota]] cummey s'cadjiney vea 'sy varrey, as eshyn s'eearrooagh ayns eggochoryssyn ny s'diuney na 150m.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Karner MB, DeLong EF, Karl DM 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean 
  | earishlioar=Nature 
  | ym-lioar=409 
  | earroo=6819 
  | duillag=507–10 
  | blein=2001 
  | pmid=11206545 
  | doi = 10.1038/35054051}}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Sinninghe Damsté JS, Rijpstra WI, Hopmans EC, Prahl FG, Wakeham SG, Schouten S 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Distribution of membrane lipids of planktonic Crenarchaeota in the Arabian Sea 
  | earishlioar=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 
  | ym-lioar=68 
  | earroo=6 
  | duillag=2997–3002 
  | blein=2002 
  | mee=June 
  | pmid=12039760 
  | pmc=123986 
  | kiangley=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12039760 
  | doi = 10.1128/AEM.68.6.2997-3002.2002}}</ref> T'ad cadjin 'sy thalloo neesht, as ta laue scanshoil oc ayns [[ocsaidaghey]] [[ammoiney]].<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Leininger S, Urich T, Schloter M, ''et al.'' 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils 
  | earishlioar=Nature 
  | ym-lioar=442 
  | earroo=7104 
  | duillag=806–9 
  | blein=2006 
  | pmid=16915287 
  | doi = 10.1038/nature04983
}}</ref>

=== Eukaryoteyn ===

{{ardart|Eukaryote}}

Ta ymmodee eukaryoteyn mynreayrtagh ayn.  Anchasley rish bacteyryn as archaea, ta [[mynolt]]yn ec eukaryoteyn, myr sampleyr, [[çheshvean killag]], [[farrys Golgi]] as [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]].  Foddee eukaryoteyn ve [[haploid]] ny [[diploid]], as ta ymmodee çheshveanyn killag ec kuse jeu (jeeagh er [[coenocyte]]).  Cha nel dagh myn-vioagh ny un-chillagagh; ta eukaryoteyn mynreayrtagh yl-chillagagh ayn.

==== Protistyn ====
{{ardart|Protista}}

Mastey ny eukaryota, she ny [[protista]] ny fir smoo un-chillagagh as mynreayrtagh.  She possan feer anchasley rish y cheilley t'ayn.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Cavalier-Smith T 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla 
  | earishlioar=Microbiol. Rev. 
  | ym-lioar=57 
  | earroo=4 
  | duillag=953–94 
  | blein=1993 
  | pmid=8302218 
  | kiangley=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8302218 
  | mee=Dec 
  | laa=01 
  | pmc=372943}}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Corliss JO 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Should there be a separate code of nomenclature for the protists? 
  | earishlioar=BioSystems 
  | ym-lioar=28 
  | earroo=1-3 
  | duillag=1–14 
  | blein=1992 
  | pmid=1292654 
  | doi = 10.1016/0303-2647(92)90003-H}}</ref> Ta kuse dy [[algey|algaghyn]] nyn brotistyn yl-chillagagh, as ta corys bea er lheh ec [[lheeahid glooie]] lesh caghlaa eddyr cummaghyn un-chillagagh, yl-chillagagh as coloinagh.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar  
  | screeudeyr=Devreotes P 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Dictyostelium discoideum: a model system for cell-cell interactions in development 
  | earishlioar=Science 
  | ym-lioar=245 
  | earroo=4922 
  | duillag=1054–8 
  | blein=1989 
  | pmid=2672337 
  | doi = 10.1126/science.2672337}}</ref> Cha s'ain quoid dy phrotisyn t'ayn; foddee nagh vel shin er chur enney agh er beggan jeu.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Slapeta J, Moreira D, López-García P 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=The extent of protist diversity: insights from molecular ecology of freshwater eukaryotes 
  | earishlioar=Proc. Biol. Sci. 
  | ym-lioar=272 
  | earroo=1576 
  | duillag=2073–81 
  | blein=2005 
  | pmid=16191619 
  | kiangley=http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3195 
  | doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3195 
  | pmc=1559898}}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Moreira D, López-García P 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=The molecular ecology of microbial eukaryotes unveils a hidden world 
  | earishlioar=Trends Microbiol. 
  | ym-lioar=10 
  | earroo=1 
  | duillag=31–8 
  | blein=2002 
  | pmid=11755083 
  | doi = 10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02257-0}}</ref>

==== Beiyn ====
[[Coadan:Yellow mite (Tydeidae) Lorryia formosa 2 edit.jpg|thumb|210px|Meeyllag mynreayrtagh ''[[meeyllag|Lorryia formosa]]''.]]
{{ardart|Myn-veiyn}}

Ta beiyn yl-chillagagh son y chooid smoo, agh ta fir jeu do-akin da'n tooill ny yei shen.  Ta [[arthropod]]yn mynreayrtagh goaill stiagh [[meeyllag joan|meeyllagyn joaney]] as [[meeyllag partan|meeyllagyn partan]]. Ta [[crustagh|crustee]] vynreayrtagh goaill stiagh [[copepod]]yn as [[cladocera]], as ta ymmodee [[nematode]]yn ro veg son adsyn y 'akin lesh y tooill myrgeddin.  Ta [[rotifer]]yn feer chadjin myrgeddin; she eederyn-sheeley t'ayn, as adsyn cummal ayns ushtey millish.  Foddee myn-veiyn geddyn sliught dy keintyssagh ny neucheintyssagh, as ta kuse jeu skeaylley da oayllyn noa myr oohyn oddys tannaghtyn bio raad nagh nod y baagh aasit.  Foddee shiartanse dy veiyn bunneydagh, myr sampleyr, rotiferyn as nematodeyn, çhirmaghey dy slane as tannaghtyn nyn gadley rish tammylt liauyr.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Lapinski J, Tunnacliffe A 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Anhydrobiosis without trehalose in bdelloid rotifers 
  | earishlioar=FEBS Lett. 
  | ym-lioar=553 
  | earroo=3 
  | duillag=387–90 
  | blein=2003 
  | pmid=14572656 
  | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01062-7}}</ref>

==== Fungyssyn ====
{{ardart|Fungys}}

Ta ymmodee dooieyn fungys unchillagagh, myr sampleyr, jastee fuinnee (''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'').  Foddee shiartanse jeu, myr sampleyr, ''[[Candida albicans]]'', [[caghlaa phenohorçh]] as aase myr un-chillagee ayns shiartanse dy hymbyllaghtyn.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Kumamoto CA, Vinces MD 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Contributions of hyphae and hypha-co-regulated genes to Candida albicans virulence 
  | earishlioar=Cell. Microbiol. 
  | ym-lioar=7 
  | earroo=11 
  | duillag=1546–54 
  | blein=2005 
  | pmid=16207242 
  | doi = 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00616.x
}}</ref> T'ad geddyn sliught dy keintyssagh (liorish cur buinney magh ny scoltey jeesoil).  Foddee ad jannoo sporragyn myrgeddin; she [[Conidium|conidia]] neucheintyssagh t'ayn, ny [[basidiosporrag|basidosporragyn]] keintyssagh.

==== Lossreeyn ====
{{ardart|Lus}}

Ta [[algey glass|algaghyn glassey]] goaill stiagh ymmodee bioagyn mynreayrtagh.  Ta kuse jeu er nyn rang-oardraghey myr [[protista|protistyn]], as fir elley myr [[embryophyte]]yn (lossreeyn cadjin).  Foddee algaghyn aase dy un-chillagagh ny myr driaght liauyr dy chillagyn.  Ta [[scuitçheyder (bea-oaylleeaght)|scuitçheyderyn]] un-chillagagh as coloinagh nyn mast'oc, chammah's cummaghyn coloinagh, runt as snaieagh.<ref>{{enmyslioar 
  | screeudeyr=Thomas, David C. 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Seaweeds 
  | soilsheyder=Natural History Museum 
  | boayl=London 
  | blein=2002 
  | isbn=0-565-09175-1
}}</ref>

== Bea ==
Ta myn-vioee ry-akin er feie ny cruinney, ayns dagh sorçh dy oayll, bunnys, as shen goaill stiagh [[ard|ardjyn y Twoaie as y Jiass]], [[faasagh|faasee]], [[geeser]]yn, cregyn as y [[marrey mooar]].  Ta kuse jeu er gormal rish ny feer-staydjyn shoh as er droggal coloinyn; she [[graihder barbaght|graihderyn barbaght]] t'ayn.  T'adsyn er nyn ngeddyn ass cregyn wheesh as 7km fo eaghtyr ny cruinney.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Szewzyk U, Szewzyk R, Stenström T 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden 
  | doi= 10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810 
  | earishlioar = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 
  | ym-lioar = 91 
  | earroo = 5 
  | duillag = 1810–3 
  | blein = 1994 
  | pmid = 11607462 
  | pmc = 43253}}</ref> Ta kuse dy 'leih credjal dy vel wheesh dy vea fo eaghtyr ny cruinney as ersyn.<ref name=Gold/>  Ta feanish ain daue tannaghtyn bio rish tammylt ayns [[folmid]], as t'ad shassoo noi [[goulraght erskyn-ghorrym]]; myr shen, foddee ny nod ad tannaghtyn bio ayns [[spoar]].<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Horneck G 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Survival of microorganisms in space: a review 
  | earishlioar = Adv Space Res 
  | ym-lioar = 1 
  | earroo = 14 
  | duillag = 39–48 
  | blein = 1981
  | pmid = 11541716 
  | doi = 10.1016/0273-1177(81)90241-6}}</ref> 

Ta kianglaghyn [[shimbosh]]agh eddyr ymmodee myn-vioee as bioagyn smoo.  Ta kuse jeusyn [[co-vondeish (bea-oaylleeaght)|co-vondeishagh]], agh ta fir elley jeeyllagh da'n [[olteyr (bea-oaylleeaght)|olteyr]] ([[sheadanys]]).  My t'ad nyn munyn çhingys, ta oayllee cur ''[[myn-vioagh gorlagh|myn-vioee ghorlagh]]'' orroo.

=== Graihderyn barbaght ===
{{ardart|Graihder barbaght}}

She myn-vioagh eh [[graihder barbaght]], as eshyn er gormal rish staydyn beagh marrooagh da bioagyn elley.  Myr sampleyr, ta lheid ny myn-vioee er nyn veddyn ayns ny çhymbyllaghtyn heese:
* [[Çhiassid]]: cho ard as 130&nbsp;°C (266&nbsp;°F) as cho injil as -17&nbsp;°C (1.4&nbsp;°F).  Ta feanish ayn dy nod [[Straih 121]], ny archaea [[graihder ard-hiassid|ard-hiassid-ghraihagh]], geddyn sliught ec 121&nbsp;°C (250&nbsp;°F), as tannghtyn bio ec 130&nbsp;°C (266&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{enmyseddyrvoggyl
  | kiangley = http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr0384.htm
  | ennym = Microbe from Depths Takes Life to Hottest Known Limit
  | soilsheyder = Office of Legislative and Public Affairs
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | date = 2003-08-14
  | datefeddyn = 2009-12-08
}}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar
  | kiangley = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5635/934
  | ennym = Extending the Upper Temperature Limit for Life
  | screeudeyr = Kazem Kashefi
  | coscreeudeyr = Derek R. Lovley
  | earishlioar = Science
  | date = 2003-08-15
  | ym-lioar = 301
  | earroo = 5635
  | duillag = 934
  | doi = 10.1126/science.1086823
}}</ref>  Foddee kuse dy vacteyryn [[graihder feayrid|feayrid-ghraihagh]] aase ec -17&nbsp;°C (1.4&nbsp;°F) as foddee ad tannaghtyn bio faggys da [[jarroo-neunhee]].<ref>{{enmyseddyrvoggyl
  | kiangley = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/827063.stm
  | ennym = Snow microbes found at South Pole
  | soilsheyder = BBC News
  | date = 2000-07-11
  | datefeddyn = 2009-12-08
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref><ref>
{{enmysearishlioar
  | kiangley = http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/66/10/4514
  | ennym = Bacterial Activity in South Pole Snow 
  | screeudeyr = Edward J. Carpenter
  | coscreeudeyryn = Senjie Lin, Douglas G. Capone3
  | earishlioar = Applied and Environmental Microbiology
  | blein = 2000
  | mee = Jerrey Fouyir
  | duillag = 4514-4517 
  | ym-lioar = 66
  | earroo = 10
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | doi = 
}}</ref><ref>
  {{enmyseddyrvoggyl
  | kiangley = http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast01sep98_1.htm
  | ennym = Earth microbes on the moon
  | date = 1998-09-01
  | datefeddyn = 2009-12-08
  | soilsheyder = [[NASA]]
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref>
* [[Geayr|Geyrid]]/[[alkalaihagh]]t: Fo [[pH]] 0 as wheesh as pH 11.5.  Foddee [[Picrophilus]] aase ec pH -0.06.<ref>{{enmyseddyrvoggyl
  | kiangley = http://www.rcn.montana.edu/resources/organisms/organisminfo.aspx?nav=11&tid=1298&did=1&nid=82076&lid=9
  | ennym = Thermal Organism: Picrophilus torridus
  | screeudeyr = [[Montana State University]] & [[Yellowstone National Park]]
  | datefeddyn = 2009-12-08
}}</ref>  Foddee y bacteyr alkalaihagh-ghraihagh ''Bacillus alcalophilus'' aase ec pH 11.5.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar
  | kiangley = http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/461.pdf
  | ennym = http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/461.pdf
  | screeudeyr = Karen Olsson
  | coscreeudeyryn = Stefanie Keis, Hugh W. Morgan, Peter Dimroth, Gregory M. Cook
  | earishlioar = Journal of Bacteriology
  | blein = 2003
  | mee = Jerrey Geuree
  | duillag = 461–465
  | ym-lioar = 185
  | earroo = 2
  | doi = 10.1128/JB.185.2.461–465.2003
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}
</ref>
* [[Sailjys]]: wheesh as [[saiaghey (lheieys)|saiaghey]].<ref>Dyall-Smith, Mike, [http://www.microbiol.unimelb.edu.au/people/dyallsmith/ ''HALOARCHAEA''], University of Melbourne.</ref>
* [[Çhionnid]]: wheesh as 1,000-2,000 [[unnid aeraght|unnidyn aeraght]], dys 0 u.a. (myr sampleyr, [[folmid]] [[spoar]]).  Ta feme ec ''[[Halomonas salaria]]'' [[graihder çhionnid|çhionnid-ghraihagh]] er çhionnid 1000 [[unnid aeraght]].  Ta feanish ayn er feddyn [[nanobe]]yn, nyn mioagyn foddee, ayns bleayst ny cruinney ec 2000 unnid aeraght, ga nagh row ad gaase ec y traa v'ayn.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar
  | kiangley = http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/index.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/nanobes/nanopaper.html
  | earishlioar = American Mineralogist
  | ym-lioar = 83
  | duillag = 1541-1550
  | ennym = Novel nano-organisms from Australian sandstones
  | screeudeyr = Philippa J.R. Uwins
  | coscreeudeyryn =  Richard I. Webb, Anthony P. Taylor
  | blein = 1998
  | aaraa = Our samples were retrieved from 3–5 km below the sea bed where the temperature and pressure is approximately 115–170 8C (Baker and Uwins 1997) and 2000 atm, respectively, and the nanobes grew under aerobic conditions at 22 8C and 1 atm pressure. ... It appears that the nanobes were not actively growing in the rock from which they were retrieved, but thrive when exposed to aerobic conditions.
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | datefeddyn = 2009-12-09
}}</ref>
* [[Goulraght eeanaghey]]: wheesh as 5k[[Gray (unit)|Gy]] son ''[[Deinococcus radiodurans]]''.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | kiangley = http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v3/n11/full/nrmicro1264.html#B25
  | ennym = Deinococcus radiodurans — the consummate survivor
  | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1264
  | screeudeyr = Michael M. Cox
  | coscreeudeyryn = John R. Battista
  | earishlioar = Nature Reviews Microbiology
  | earroo = 11
  | ym-lioar = 3
  | duillag = 882-892
  | mee = Mee Houney
  | blein = 2005
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | aaraa = The gamma-irradiation survival curves of actively growing cultures of ''D. radiodurans'' R1 have a shoulder of resistance up to 5,000 Gy, and until this dose is achieved there is no measurable loss of viability in the irradiated culture.
}}</ref>

Ta scansh ec graihderyn barbaght.  T'ad lhiggey da bea thallooinagh lheanaghey ayns cooid mooir jeh [[ushtey ny cruinney]], [[bleayst ny cruinney]] as yn aeraght.  T'ad er n'aafilley troyn noi çhymbyllaghtyn varbagh, as fodmayd ymmyd jeu y yannoo ayns [[bea-haghnoaylleeaght]].  Chammah's shen, er y fa dy vel ad ayn dyn y wooise da lheid y varbaght, t'eh ny smoo cosoylagh dy beagh [[bea neuhallooinagh]] ayn myrgeddin.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Cavicchioli R 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Extremophiles and the search for extraterrestrial life 
  | earishlioar=Astrobiology 
  | ym-lioar=2 
  | earroo=3 
  | duillag=281–92 
  | blein=2002 
  | pmid=12530238 
  | doi=10.1089/153110702762027862
  | çhengey = Baarle
}}</ref>

=== Mynvioee thallooin ===
Ta'n [[corys neetragien]] thallooin croghey er [[tashtey neetragien]] ass yn aeraght.  Un aght dy vel shen taghyrt, she liorish obbyr bacteyryn shimboshagh ([[genus|genera]] ''[[Rhizobium]]'', ''[[Mesorhizobium]]'', ''[[Sinorhizobium]]'', ''[[Bradyrhizobium]]'', ny ''[[Azorhizobium]]'') ta cummal ayns uddanyn ayns fraueyn [[lus phoanragh|lossreeyn poanragh]].<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = Barea J, Pozo M, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere 
  | doi= 10.1093/jxb/eri197 
  | earishlioar = J Exp Bot 
  | ym-lioar = 56 
  | earroo = 417 
  | duillag = 1761–78 
  | blein = 2005 
  | pmid = 15911555}}</ref>

=== Mynvioee himboshagh ===
Ta mynvioee [[shimbosh|himbosagh]], myr sampleyr, fungyssyn as algaghyn, kiangley rish y chielley ayns [[scryss ny greg]].  Ta kuse dy fungyssyn jannoo shimbosh [[mycorhissa]]gh myrane lesh biljyn; ta shen cur ny smoo beaghey da'n villey as shugyr da'n fungys.

== Scansh ==
Ta feme ec deiney as y çhymbyllaght er mynvioee.  Ta laue oc ayns coryssyn bunstoo ny cruinney, myr sampleyr, y [[corys carboan]] as y [[corys nitrageen]].  Ta ny paartyn elley oc goaill stiagh aa-choorsal fooillagh as kirp vioagyn elley liorish loaughey, as jannoo shimbosh myrane lesh bioagyn yl-chillagagh.<ref> {{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = The Genesis of Germs: The Origin of Diseases and the Coming Plagues 
  | screeudeyr = Gillen, Alan L. 
  | soilsheyder = New Leaf Publishing Group 
  | blein = 2007 
  | duillag = 10 
  | isbn = 0-890-51493-3
}}</ref>

=== Ymmyd ayns bee ===
{{ardart|Braghey|Gyle}}
Ta sleih jannoo ymmyd jeh mynvioee ayns [[imbyl]], jannoo [[feeyn]], [[fuinney]], [[piggylaghey]] as obbraghyn jannoo bee elley.  Ta ymmyd elley jeant jeu dys gurneil [[gyle]] tra t'ad jannoo [[troar vainney]], myr sampleyr [[caashey]] as [[binjean]].  Ta ny h-aaseyn shen cur blass da'n troar myrgeddin, as lhiettal bioagyn neuyesh jeh aase.<ref>{{enmyseddyrvoggyl 
  | kiangley=http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/micro.html 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym= Dairy Microbiology 
  | datefeddyn=2006-10-09 
  | soilsheyder= University of Guelph
}}</ref>

=== Ymmyd ayns obbyr glennee ushtey ===
{{ardart|Obbyr glennee ushtey}}

Ta ymmyd jeant jeh mynvioee sheelrit er lheh er son obbraghey bea-oaylleeagh er [[sorniagys]] as jeeyl çhynskylagh.<ref>{{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Biology of Wastewater Treatement 
  | screeudeyr = Gray, N.F. 
  | soilsheyder = Imperial College Press 
  | blein = 2004 
  | duillag = 1164 
  | isbn = 1-860-94332-2}}</ref>

=== Ymmyd dys gientyn bree ===
{{ardart|Conney algagh|Ethanol kellaloyshagh|Gyle ethanol}}
T'ad jannoo ymmyd jeh mynvioee ayns gyle dys jannoo ethanol, as ayns frasseeaghyn [[bea-ghas]] er so dy yannoo [[meetane]].<ref>{{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Biomass Handbook 
  | screeudeyr = Kitani, Osumu and Carl W. Hall 
  | soilsheyder = Taylor & Francis US 
  | blein = 1989
  | duillag = 256 
  | isbn = 2-881-24269-3}}</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Food, Energy, and Society 
  | screeudeyr = Pimental, David 
  | soilsheyder = CRC Press 
  | blein = 2007 
  | duillag = 289 
  | isbn = 1-420-04667-5 }}</ref> Ta oayllee jannoo studeyrys er ymmyd [[conney algagh|algaghyn dys jannoo conney]], as ymmyd vacteyryn dys jannoo [[ethanol kellaloyshagh]] ass jeeyll eirinagh as baljagh.<ref> {{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank: The Complete Guide to Using Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Fuel 
  | screeudeyr = Tickell, Joshua et al. 
  | soilsheyder = Biodiesel America 
  | blein = 2000 
  | duillag = 53 
  | isbn = 0-970-72270-2}}</ref><ref> {{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Apollo's Fire: Igniting America's Clean Energy Economy 
  | screeudeyr = Inslee, Jay et al. 
  | soilsheyder = Island Press 
  | blein = 2008 
  | duillag = 157 
  | isbn = 1-597-26175-0}}</ref>

=== Ymmyd ayns oaylleeaght ===

Ta mynvioee nyn ngreieyn femoil ayns {{shallidagh|[[bea-haghnoaylleeaght]]}}, [[bea-chemmig]], [[gien-oaylleeaght]], as [[bea-oaylleeaght cho-vreneenagh]].  Ta ny jasteeghyn (''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'') as (''[[Schizosaccharomyces pombe]]'') nyn {{shallidagh|[[bioag hampleyragh|mioagyn sampleyragh]]}} ayns oaylleeaght, er y fa dy nee eukaryoteyn bunneydagh t'ayn, agh foddee ad goll er aase dy tappee as goll er caghlaa dy aashagh.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Castrillo JI, Oliver SG 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Yeast as a touchstone in post-genomic research: strategies for integrative analysis in functional genomics 
  | earishlioar=J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 
  | ym-lioar=37 
  | earroo=1 
  | duillag=93–106 
  | blein=2004 
  | pmid=14761307 
  | kiangley=http://www.jbmb.or.kr/fulltext/jbmb/view.php?vol=37&page=93}}</ref>  T'ad feeu er lheh ayns [[gien-oaylleeaght]], [[gienoam-oaylleeaght]] as [[proteeoam-oaylleeaght]].<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Suter B, Auerbach D, Stagljar I 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Yeast-based functional genomics and proteomics technologies: the first 15 years and beyond 
  | earishlioar=BioTechniques 
  | ym-lioar=40 
  | earroo=5 
  | duillag=625–44 
  | blein=2006 
  | pmid=16708762 
  | doi=10.2144/000112151}}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Sunnerhagen P 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Prospects for functional genomics in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 
  | earishlioar=Curr. Genet. 
  | ym-lioar=42 
  | earroo=2 
  | duillag=73–84 
  | blein=2002 
  | pmid=12478386 
  | doi=10.1007/s00294-002-0335-6}}</ref> Ta ymmyd jeant jeu son dy chroo [[steroid|steroidyn]] as ayns lheeys [[gorley crackanagh|ghorlaghyn crackanagh]].  Ta studeyryssyn elley jeeaghyn er jannoo ymmyd jeu myr [[killag conney|killagyn conney]] bioey, ny noi [[sollaghar]].<ref>{{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Microbes: A Source of Energy for 21st Century
  | screeudeyr = Soni, S.K. 
  | soilsheyder = New India Publishing 
  | blein = 2007 
  | isbn = 8-189-42214-6}}</ref><ref>{{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Biotechnology: The Science and the Business 
  | screeudeyr = Moses, Vivian et al. 
  | soilsheyder = CRC Press 
  | blein = 1999 
  | duillag = 563 
  | isbn = 9-057-02407-1}}</ref>

=== Ymmyd caggee ===
{{ardart|Caggeeaght vea-oaylleeagh}} 
Ayns ny [[Mean Eashyn]], v'ad ceau kirp ghorlagh stiagh ayns cashtallyn lesh [[clagh-vow]] ny [[jeshaght chruinnee|jeshaghtyn cruinnee]] elley son dy skeaylley çhingyssyn.<ref>{{enmyslioar 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction: Radiological, Chemical, and Biological 
  | screeudeyr = Langford, Roland E. 
  | soilsheyder = Wiley-IEEE 
  | blein = 2004 
  | duillag = 140 
  | isbn = 0-471-46560-7}}</ref>

== Scansh er son slaynt deiney ==
=== Lheie deiney ===
{{Jeeagh|Biota deiney#Biota bacteyragh deiney as slaynt deiney}}
Foddee mynvioee jannoo [[endohimbosh]] myrane lesh bioagyn smoo. Myr sampleyr, ta bacteyryn 'sy [[corys lheieagh|chorys lheieagh]] deiney cooney y [[corys ym-yeenaght|chorys ym-yeenaght]], jannoo [[biomane]]yn ([[geayr folagh]], [[bioteen]] as fir elley), as lheie [[carbey-hydraad]]yn neulheieagh dooin.<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr = O'Hara A, Shanahan F 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym = The gut flora as a forgotten organ 
  | earishlioar = EMBO Rep 
  | ym-lioar = 7 
  | earroo = 7 
  | duillag = 688–93 
  | blein = 2006 
  | pmid = 16819463 
  | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400731 
  | pmc = 1500832}}</ref>

=== Çhingyssyn as jeen-oaylleeaght ===
{{ardart|Mynvioagh gorlagh}}

Ta mynvioee nyn minn ymmodee gorlaghyn gowaltagh.  Ny bioagyn hene, t'adsyn goaill stiagh [[bacteyr gowaltagh|bacteyryn gowaltagh]] (bun [[plaih fairaighagh|y phlaih fairaigagh]], [[gorley shymlee]] as [[antraks]]); [[protosoa]] (bun [[malaarey]], [[çhingys chadlee]] as [[tocsaplasmosh]]); as fungyssyn (bun [[meeyl chrackan]], [[candeyjaash]] as [[histoplasmosh]]).  Ta çhingyssyn elley, myr sampleyr [[floo]] as [[yn çhiassagh buigh]], obbyr [[veerys]]syn, as cha nel adsyn nyn mioagyn rere rang-oardraghey oaylleeagh cadjin.  Rere obbyr derrey 2007, cha nel feanish baghtal er archaea gorlagh, agh ta sheiltynys ayn dy vel laue oc ayns [[çhingys ym-eeacklagh]].<ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Eckburg P, Lepp P, Relman D 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Archaea and their potential role in human disease 
  | earishlioar=Infect Immun 
  | ym-lioar=71 
  | earroo=2 
  | duillag=591–6 
  | blein=2003 
  | pmid=12540534 
  | doi = 10.1128/IAI.71.2.591-596.2003 
  | pmc=145348}}</ref><ref>{{enmysearishlioar 
  | screeudeyr=Lepp P, Brinig M, Ouverney C, Palm K, Armitage G, Relman D 
  | çhengey = Baarle
  | ennym=Methanogenic Archaea and human periodontal disease 
  | doi= 10.1073/pnas.0308766101 
  | earishlioar=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 
  | ym-lioar=101 
  | earroo=16 
  | duillag=6176–81 
  | blein=2004 
  | pmid=15067114 
  | pmc=395942}}</ref>

== Scansh ayns eggoaylleeaght ==
{{Jeeagh|louaghey}}
Ta laue mooar ec mynvioee ayns obbraghyn [[louaghey]], as shen aa-choorsal nitrageen as bunstooghyn elley da'n eggochorys.

== Slaynt-oayllys ==
{{ardart|Slaynt-oayllys}}
She shaghney doghanyn liorish scryssey jeh mynvioee ee slaynt-oayllys.  Er y fa dy vel mynvioee ry-akin ayns dagh ooilley boayl, faggys, t'ee çheet er adsyn y injillaghey da keim beg, son y chooid smoo.  Ny yei shen, ny keayrtyn, ta feme ayn dy vel nhee ny stoo ennagh lane amrid (dy ghra myr shen, gyn bioagyn ny veeryssyn erbee), myr sampleyr, [[spooytag]].

Er son aarlaghey bee, t'ad ginjillaghey mynvioee liorish freayll (myr sampleyr, cur stiagh [[feeyn geayr]]), liorish jannoo ymmyd jeh greieyn glenney, liorish nagh tashtey agh rish tammylt beg, as liorish feayrid.  My ta feme ayn er lane amrid, ta [[goulraghey]] ny ymmyd [[autoclave]] cadjin dy liooar.

== Imraaghyn ==
{{rolleyimraaghyn|3}}

== Kianglaghyn çheumooie ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130215152557/http://dels.nas.edu/metagenomics Our Microbial Planet] Posteyr jeh National Academy of Sciences ny SUA er paartyn mie vynvioee. 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120129074456/http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3 Tree of Life Eukaryotes]
* [http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/categories/index/microbes.php Microbe News from Genome News Network]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051101012902/http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/toc.htm Medical Microbiology] Tekslioar eddyrvoggyl
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080913035245/http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=toc&book_id=4 Through the microscope: A look at all things small] Tekslioar eddyrvoggyl er mynvioagh-oaylleeaght

[[Ronney:Mynorgaanee| ]]
[[Ronney:Myn-vioagh-oaylleeaght]]