Towl doo

Ta'n caslys shoh taishbyney rollage çhyndaaee co-yeant veih rollage cadjin as towl doo. Ta ym-hayrn y towl doo gee stoo y rollage cadjin, as liorish shen, ta disc aase ry-cheilley gaase mygeayrt y towl doo.

Ta towl doo çheet er red rollageydagh cha çhionn as dy vel yn ym-hayrn echey cur lhiettrimys er scapail un nhee voish, goaill stiagh y soilshey hene. Ta sheiltynys y chonastaght chadjin lesh Albert Einstein Einstein faaishnaghey dy nee glout çhionn dy liooar croo towl doo. Ta cagliagh y linney scapail enmyssit y scell-linney haghyrt. ‘Sy chonastaght chadjin, ta scell-linney haghyrt y towl doo sealal erree red agh cha nel eh gientyn caghlaa cronnit dy h-ynnydoil as y red goll tessen. Shymmey aght dy vel towl doo gobbraghey myr corpane doo slane-jeant er-yn-oyr nagh vel eh aahoilshaghey soilshey erbee. Ta sheiltynys y ream quantum ayns spoar-hraa cruillit faaishnaghey dy vel scell-linnaghyn taghyrt brooightey goulraght Hawking magh, marish y spectrum cheddin as corpane doo as çhiassid echey t’ayns coreir contraartagh rish e ghlout. Ta’n çhiassid shen ayns oardagh billoonooyn dy cheimyn kelvin da tuill ghoo rollageagh as, kyndagh rish shen, t’eh begnagh neuyantagh dy chronnaghey eh.

Ren John Michell as Pierre-Simon Laplace sursmooinaghtyn ‘sy 18oo eash er reddyn as ny reamyn ym-hayrnagh ro-niartal da scapail y toilshey. ‘Sy vlein 1916, ren Karl Schwarzschild feddyn magh y chied reggyrt noa-emshiragh jeh’n chonastaght chadjin yinnagh cur sheese er towl doo. Kyndagh rish e ronsaght chummaghtagh echey, ta meadraght Schwarzschild enmyssit ass. She David Finkelstein, ‘sy vlein 1958, ren soilshaghey magh y chied tushtey er “towl doo” myr boayl ‘sy spoar raad nagh vel red erbee jargal dy scapail voish. S’foddey yn laa tra va tuill ghoo coontit myr liehaghys maddaghtoil; cha ren obbyr heiltynagh taishbyney dy nee faaishnys keintagh y chonastaght chadjin v’ad agh ayns ny 1960yn. Y chied towl doo v’er fys ain, Cygnus X-1, v’eh enmyssit lesh aaronseyderyn eigsoylagh seyr veih y cheilley ‘sy vlein 1971.

Er y chooid smoo, ta tuill ghoo crooit tra ta rollageyn feer vooar cohuittym orroosyn hene ec jerrey yn çhymshal bea oc. Lurg crooaght towl doo, foddee eh dy aase lesh maanalys glout veih’n çhymmyltaght mygeayrt y mysh. Foddee tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ta cha mooar as millioonyn dy ghloutyn greiney dy aase lesh maanalys rollageyn elley ny lesh co-vestey rish tuill ghoo elley, ny lesh cohuittym jeeragh jeh bodjalyn gas. Ta co-unnaneys ayns dy vel tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ry-gheddyn ayns çheshvean y chooid smoo dy cho-rollageyssyn.

Foddee faare towl doo ve infearit lesh yn eddyr-obbraghey echey rish stoo as rish goulraght lectro-vagnaidagh lheid as y soilshey so-akin. Foddee stoo ta tuittym ayns troa towl doo croo jysk cruinnee jeh plasmey ta tuittym stiagh as eh er ny hiow lesh screebey as cur magh soilshey. Ayns cooishyn er lheh, t’eh shen croo quasaryn, fir jeh ny reddyn s’gilley ‘sy tuinney. Foddee rollageyn ta goll ro aggys da towl doo sur-ghloutagh ve mynghiarrit stiagh ayns strilleenyn ta soilshean feer ghial roish my jagh ad stiagh ‘sy “cluggey". My vel rollageyn elley cruinlaghey yn towl doo, foddee ny cruinleeyn oc ve ymmydit dy chronnaghey glour as soiaghey yn towl doo. Foddee baghtyn shoh ve ymmydit dy ghoaill magh caghlaaghyn sheiltynagh elley lheid as rollageyn naeearaneagh. ‘Syn aght shoh, ta rollageydeyryn er ny chur enney er ram yeearreyderyn towl doo rollageagh ayns coryssyn jeesoil as chur ad er bun dy nee towl doo sur-ghloutagh er mysh 4.3 millioon dy ghlout greiney eh yn voir radio ta enmyssit Sagittarius A* as ta soit ec cree yn cho-rollageys ain, Raad Mooar Gorree.

Shennaghys

Ren y kioneraadagh rollageydagh as y jed Sosytnagh John Michell as y sheanseyr Frangagh Pierre-Simon Laplace, seyr veih y cheilley, rooishtey da’n toilshey eie corpane va cha gloutagh nagh veagh eer y soilshey jargal scapail voish. Ren y daa schoillar treeal rollageyn feer vooar, cosoyllagh rish kiaddaghyn noa-emshiragh jeh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh.

Yn eie lesh Michell, v’ayns ayrn giare jeh lettyr v’er ny hoilshaghey magh ‘sy vlein 1784, ren eh co-earrooaghey nagh lhiggagh rollage cha gloo as y Ghrian agh 500 keayrt ny smoo er craue raadeeoil na ish, soilshey va currit magh dy scapail; veagh y vieauid-jeerit scapail eaghtyragh ny s’yrdjey na bieauid hollys. Chur Michell my-ner dy vees lheid ny corpaneyn sur-ghloutagh neu-ghoulraghey so-chronnalagh rere ny h-eiyrtyssyn ym-hayrnagh oc er corpaneyn so-akin faggys dauesyn.

Hoshiaght, va scoillaryn y laa greesit lesh y treealtys dy row eh jargal dy row 'rollageyn dorraghey' foawragh neuakinagh cooyl-chlea ayns lane reayrt foin; ansherbee, huitt y lag-chreeys er y jeeanid shen ‘sy 19oo eash leah tra v’eh feddynit magh dy row cummey tonn ec y toilshey. Er-yn-oyr dy row yn toilshey er fys myr tonn as chan myr floag, cha row eh leayr cre’n chummaght, my vees cummaght erbee ayn, veagh ec yn ym-hayrn er tonnyn soilshey scapail.

Conastaght chadjin

‘Sy vlein 1911, hoilshee Albert Einstein pabyr bentyn rish troyn y tiyraghey ‘sy chonastaght er lheh, raad chur eh my-ner dy vees red ennagh ta siyraghey trooid y spoar do-rheynnagh veih red elley ayns ream ym-hayrnagh neughleashagh. Chammah’s shen, ren y pabyr faaishnaghey cleayney yn toilshey lesh corpaneyn gloutagh. ‘Sy vlein 1915, ren Einstein aaghlenney ny h-eieyn shen stiagh ayns heiltynys cadjin y chonastaght echey, hoilshee kys ta stoo cur stiagh er y spoar-hraa as eshyn hene cur stiagh er gleashaght stoo elley. Chroo yn sheiltynys shen bun da fishig ny tuill ghoo, ga dy jinnagh Einstein eab neurahoil ny s’anmey dy obbal jargaght ny tuill ghoo.

Kuse veg dy veeghyn erreish da soilshaghey ny cormidyn ream lesh Einstein va cur sheese er y chonastaght chadjin, ren Karl Schwarzschild feddyn magh feaysley as eh cur sheese er y ream ym-hayrnagh jeh glout ponkagh as jeh glout cruinn. Kuse veg dy veeghyn erreish da Schwarzschild, as seyr voish, hug Johannes Droste, studeyr lesh Hendrik Lorentz, y feaysley cheddin da’n ghlout ponkagh as screeu eh ny s’lhea er ny troyn echey. Ec craue raadeeoil er lheh veih çheshvean y ghlout, haink feaysley Schwarzschild dy ve ny hingyltaght, v’er ny veenaghey dy daink fir jeh ny çhiarrymyn ayns cormidyn Einstein dy ve neuyerrinagh. Y dooghys jeh’n chruae raadeeoil shoh, haink de ve enmyssit craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild ny s’anmey, cha row eh er ny hoiggal ec y traa shen.

‘Sy vlein 1924, haishbyn Arthur Eddington dy row yn tingyltaght er ny herraghtyn lurg caghlaa co-ordnaidyn. Ny s’anmey ‘sy vlein 1933, hoig Georges Lemaître dy row eh shen meenaghey dy nee singyltaght cho-ordnaidagh neu-ishigagh eh yn tingyltaght ec craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild. Ren Arthur Eddington resooney er licklid rollage as glout echey v’er ny chohionney dys craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild ayns lioar veih’n vlein 1926, as chur eh my-ner dy lhiggagh sheiltynys Einstein dooin faagail magh glooaghtyn ro-vooar da rollageyn so-akin lheid as Betelgeuse er-yn-oyr dy jinnagh ard-orse yn ym-hayrn cur lhiettrimys er scapail y toilshey veih’n rollage, dy jinnagh eh jiarg-arraghey y slane spectrum dy hoilshey ass mayrnaght, as dy jinnagh eh "wheesh cruillaght ayns meadraght y spoar-hraa as dy ghoonagh eh mygeayrt y rollage as dy vaagagh eh shinyn çheumooie (.i. boayl erbee)."

As eh gymmydey yn chonastaght er lheh, ren Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar co-earrooaghey ‘sy vlein 1931 nagh vel feaysley shickyr erbee ec corpane neu-hyndaaee jeh stoo lectrane-jeeghiennit ny s’yrdjey na glout caglee er lheh (ta enmyssit jiu myr cagliagh Chandrasekhar er 1.4 M_☉). Hass ram jeh ny h-ard-scoillaryn co-emshiragh echey noi ny h-arganeyssyn v’echey, lheid as Eddington as Lev Landau quoi ren resooney dy vees obbrinaght ennagh nagh row er fys ain foast cur lhiettrimys er y chohuittym. V’ad lieh-chiart: nee crivassan bane ta beggan ny smoo gloutagh na cagliagh Chandrasekhar cohuittym ersyn hene myr rollage naeearaneagh as ee shickyr er e son hene.

‘Sy vlein 1939, as bunnit er resoonaght Chandrasekhar, ren Robert Oppenheimer as George Volkoff faaishnaghey dy jinnagh rollageyn naeearaneagh ny s’yrdjey na cagliagh glout elley, ta enmyssit jiu myr cagliagh Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff, cohuittym ny s’odjey, as ren ad briwnys nagh veagh eh liklee dy vees leigh ishig erbee cur lhiettrimys er cohuittym rollageyn eigsoylagh stiagh orroosyn hene myr tuill ghoo. Ren ny co-earrooyn bunneydagh v’oc, va bunnit er prinsabyl dooney-magh Pauli, gra dy nee 0.7 M_☉ y cagliagh. Ren sursmooinaght eiyrtyssagh er cur-ergooyl naeearane–naeearane as sheealtagh jeant er lesh y forse niartal, yrdjaghey yn ooley dys earroo eddyr mysh 1.5 M_☉ as 3.0 M_☉. Ta baghtyn er covestey yn rollage naeearanagh GW170817, t’er credjal ain dy row towl doo crooit tammylt beg ny yei, er ny aaghlenney ooley yn chaglee TOV da ~2.17 M_☉.

Ren Oppenheimer as e cho-ughtaryn soilshaghey yn tingyltaght ec cagliagh chraue raadeeoil Schwarzschild myr cowreyder dy nee cagliagh bolgan eh raad ta’n traa er ny scuirr. Shoh boayl reayrtys breeoil da fakideryn mooie, agh chan da fakideryn ta tuittym stiagh. Ny s’anmey, ren John Wheeler cur sheese er tuill ghoo myr “rollageyn riojit” dauesyn ta jeeaghyn stiagh orroo veih fraamey ogheragh mooie kyndagh rish y lheanaghey traa ym-hayrnagh, gyn slane cohuittym.

‘Sy vlein cheddin, ren Einstein eab dy phrowal nagh vel tuill ghoo jantagh ‘sy chlou echey, "On a Stationary System with Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses", raad ren eh ymmyd jeh sheiltynys y chonastaght chadjin echey dy choadey yn arganeys echey. Reggyryn dy veeghyn ny s’anmey, ren Oppenheimer as e studeyr Hartland Snyder kiarail kiaddey Oppenheimer–Snyder ‘sy phabyr oc "On Continued Gravitational Contraction", ren faaishnaghey mayrnaght tuill ghoo. ‘Sy phabyr shen, raad nagh row clou Einstein er gerrid imraait, ren Oppenheimer as Snyder ymmyd jeh sheiltynys Einstein hene y chonastaght chadjin dy haishbyney ny foaynooyn lhisagh ve ayn son lhiasaghey towl doo da’n chied cheayrt ‘syn ishig cho-emshiragh.

‘Sy vlein 1958, hoilshee David Finkelstein dy nee scell-linney haghyrt eh laare Schwarzschild, as dooyrt eh dy nee far-chrackan un-troagh fondagh t’ayn raad dy vel cummaghtyn cooishagh goll tessen ayns un troa ny lomarcan. ‘Sy cheeall shen, cha nel taghyrtyn çheusthie jeh’n towl doo jargal gleashaghey er, ny bentyn rish, taghyrtyn çheumooie jeh’n towl too. Chroo Finkelstein fraamey ogheragh noa dy chummal stiagh boayl reayrtys ny fakideryn ta tuittym stiagh. Ren feaysley Finkelstein sheeyney feaysley Schwarzschild da traa ry-heet ny fakideryn ta tuittym stiagh ayns towl doo. Va smooinaght cheddin er ny ve feddynit magh ec Martin Kruskal hannah hene, agh ec y traa shen cha row yn scansh echey slane toiggit.

Yn eash airhey

Y chied jalloo yn-soyllit jeh towl doo, crooit lesh Jean-Pierre Luminet ‘sy vlein 1978 as taishbyney yn scaa cowreydagh, y sfeyr photon, as y jysk cruinnee lensit. Ta’n jysk ny s’gilley er un çheu kyndagh rish goullaghey Doppler.

Ta’n eash eddyr ny 1960yn meanagh as ny 1970yn meanagh coontit myr “eash airhey ronsaght ny tuill ghoo” tra haiink y chonastaght chadjin as tuill ghoo dy ve coontit mastey ny bun-chooishyn ronsee cadjin.

‘Syn eash shoh, va tooilley feayslaghyn cadjin bentyn rish tuill ghoo er ny gheddyn magh. ‘Sy vlein 1963, ren Roy Kerr feddyn magh y feaysley cruinn da towl doo çhyndaaee. Daa vlein ny s’anmey, ren Ezra Newman feddyn magh y feaysley shimmeadragh rollianagh da towl doo ta çhyndaa as lughtit dy lectragh.

‘Sy vlein 1967, chur Werner Israel er bun dy nee feaysley Schwarzschild yn ynrican feaysley jantagh da towl doo neulughtit neu-hyndaaee as nagh vees tooilley parameadaryn elley echey. ‘Sy cheeall shen, lhisagh towl doo Schwarzschild ve meenit lesh e ghlout ny lomarcan, as lhisagh daa howl doo Schwarzschild as y glout cheddin oc ve unnane rish y cheilley. Ny s’anmey, ren Israel feddyn magh nagh row tuill ghoo Reissner–Nordstrom meenit agh rere y glout as y lughtey lectragh oc, choud’s ren Brandon Carter feddyn magh nagh row agh daa cheim seyrsnys oc, y glout as y çhyndaa. Currit ry-cheilley, haink ny feddynyssyn shen dy ve enmyssit y çhoarym gyn gruag, ta gra dy vel towl doo ny hassoo slane soilshit lesh ny tree parameadar jeh meadraght Kerr–Newman: glout, momentum uillinagh, as lughtey lectragh.

Hoshiaght, v’eh er ny huarymey dy row ny singyltaghtyn maddaghtoil quaagh va feddynit magh ayns dagh fer jeh ny feayslaghyn towl doo er nyn daishbyney ynrican kyndagh rish y varel dy beagh towl doo slane shimmeadragh cruinn, as, myr shen, cha beagh ny singyltaghtyn er nyn daishbyney ayns soiaghyn keintagh raad nagh beagh ny tuill ghoo shimmeadragh. Va’n eie shen freilt lesh Vladimir Belinski, Isaak Khalatnikov, as Evgeny Lifshitz er lheh, as ren ad eab dy phrowal nagh vel singyltaght erbee er ny haishbyney ayns feayslaghyn keintagh, ga dy ren ad goll ergooyl er nyn soiaghyn shen ny s’anmey. Ansherbee, ‘sy vlein 1965, phrow Roger Penrose dy row feme er singyltaghtyn ayns dagh towl doo ec y chonastaght chadjin gyn obbrinaght quantum. Tammylt beg ny yei, ren Stephen Hawking cadjinaghey feaysley Penrose dy nee red neuhaghtnagh eh singyltaght huinnagh y Vleaystey Mooar ayns dagh craue skeeal, faagail magh adsyn nagh vel yn-jannoo dy fishigagh as mannagh vel yn ym-hayrn quantum cur stiagh. Er son yn obbyr ren eh, va lieh-ayrn jeh Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig ‘sy vlein 2020 bronnit er, as Hawking er ny gheddyn baase hannah hene ‘sy vlein 2018.

Haghyr yrdjaghyn mooarey ayns baghtyn rollageydagh car yn eash shoh. ‘Sy vlein 1967, ren Antony Hewish as Jocelyn Bell Burnell feddyn magh pulsaryn as roish 1969, v’ad er nyn daishbyney myr rollageyn naeearaneagh bieau-hyndaaee. Derrey yn traa shen, cha row rollageyn naeearaneagh, goll rish tuill ghoo, coontit agh myr reddyn quaagh sheiltynagh. Agh haishbyn feddynys pulsaryn nyn mentynys fishigagh as vrasnee eh anaase ny s’odjey ayns dagh sorçh dy red çhionn foddee ve crooit lesh cohuittym ym-hayrnagh. Bunnit er baghtyn ayns Greenwich as Toronto ayns ny 1970yn leah, haink Cygnus X-1, moir scell-X cho-rollageyssagh va feddynit magh ‘sy vlein 1964, dy ve ny chied red rollageydagh dy ve doltit dy cadjin myr towl doo.

Chur yn obbyr lesh James Bardeen, Jacob Bekenstein, Carter, as Hawking ayns ny 1970yn leah rish formlaghey [[ the early 1970s led to the formulation of çhiass-niartallaght tuill ghoo. Ta ny leighyn shen cur sheese er aghtys towl doo ayns cosoylley giare da leighyn y çhiass-niartallaght rere bentynys y ghlout dys y vree, yn eaghtyr dys yn entropaght, as yn ym-hayrn eaghtyragh dys y çhhiassid. Va baare currit er y chosoylley tra haishbyn Hawking ‘sy vlein 1974 dy vel sheiltynys ream quantum keeayllaghey dy lhisagh tuill ghoo goulraghey goll rish corpane doo lesh çhiassid ayns coreir rish ym-hayrn eaghtyragh y towl doo, as eh faaishnaghey yn eiyrtys ta enmyssit jiu myr goulraght Hawking.

Ronsaght as baght noa-emshiragh

Haink y chied eanish lajer da tuill ghoo lesh baghtyn covestit scell-X as shilleydagh er Cygnus X-1 ‘sy vlein 1972. Va’n voir scell-X, ta soit ayns co-hollys rollageagh yn Ollay, feddynit magh trooid creear lesh daa roggad fo-chruinlagh er-yn-oyr dy vel tarmestey scellyn-X lesh aeraght y Dowan cur stiagh er nyn gronnaghey veih’n thalloo. Neughollrish rollageyn ny pulsaryn, cha row Cygnus X-1 kianglt rish un voir radio ny hilleydagh ard-cheimagh. ‘Sy vlein 1972, ren Louise Webster, Paul Murdin, as, seyr voue, Charles Thomas Bolton, feddyn magh dy row Cygnus X-1 ayns corys jeesoil marish y rollage hur-oawragh HDE 226868. As ad gymmydey patternyn brooightee yn rollage akinagh, ren y daa wirran ronsee feddyn magh dy beagh glout Cygnus X-1 ro-vooar son crivassan bane ny rollage naeearaneagh as dy row eh liklee dy nee towl doo eh. Ren ronsaght ny s’odjey niartaghey yn Further research strengthened their sheiltynys shen.

Choud’s va Cygnus X-1, towl doo rollageagh, er ny gholtey myr towl doo er y chooid smoo lesh y voodeeys sheansagh roish jerrey yn vlein 1973, cha dooar towl doo sur-ghloutagh yn enney cheddin roish jeihaghtyn ny lurg. Ansherbee, cha foddey sheear as ny 1960yn, ren fishigee lheid as Donald Lynden-Bell as Martin Rees coyrlaghey dy row ny quasaryn niartal ec creeaghyn co-rollageyssyn geddyn bree veih tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh chruinnee, agh s’goan va’n eanish vaghtal ec y traa shen. Ansherbee, ren Fodreayrtan Spoar Hubble, v’er ny launshey shiartanse dy yeihaghtyn ny yei, feddyn magh dy row tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh ec çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio begnagh dagh co-rollageys as dy row ad ooilley-laaragh as ram jeu kiune. ‘Sy vlein 1999, hreeal David Merritt yn mooinjerys M–sigma, chur sheese mooinjerys scaalheaney bieauid-jeerit jeh stoo ayns boogh meanagh co-rollageys rish glout y towl doo yl-ghloutagh t’ec y chree echey. Hickyree studeyryssyn eiyrtyssagh y choreir shen. Mysh y traa cheddin as bunnit er baghtyn fodreayrtan er bieauidyn-jeerit ny rollageyn ec cree Raad Mooar Gorree, haink possanyn obbree fo Andrea Ghez as Reinhard Genzel dys y vriwnys dy nee towl doo yl-ghloutagh va’n voir radio çhionn Sagittarius A* ta soit ayns çheshvean y cho-rollageys. ‘Sy vlein 2020, va Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig bronnit er Ghez as Genzel son y faaishnys oc.

Y chied chronnaghey jeh tonnyn ym-hayrnagh, er ny jallooaghey lesh reayrtlannyn LIGO ayns Hanford Site, Washington as Livingston, Louisiana

Er 11 Toshiaght Arree 2016, ren LIGO Scientific Collaboration as Virgo Collaboration fogrey magh y chied vaght jeh tonnyn ym-hayrnagh, enmyssit GW150914, as eh soilshaghey magh y chied vaght jeh covestey towl doo. Ec traa yn chovestey, va ny tuill ghoo soit mysh 1.4 villioon dy hollys-vleeantyn voin as va glout 30 as 35 gloutyn greiney oc. Va glout y towl doo covestit mysh 62 er glout greiney, currit rish tree glout greiney v’er ny ghoulraghey magh myr tonnyn ym-hayrnagh. Chronnee yn Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) ny tonnyn ym-hayrnagh lesh ymmyd daa scaane kiare kilomeadar veih-my-cheilley dy howshaney ny caghlaaghyn mynreayrtagh ‘sy lhiurid oc. ‘Sy vlein 2017, va Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig bronnit er Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne, as Barry Barish, toshee yn çhalee. Veih’n chied eddynys magh shen ‘sy vlein 2015, ta ny keeadyn dy honnyn ym-hayrnagh er ny ve cronnit lesh LIGO as tessen-veadar elley, Virgo.

Jalloo lesh yn Event Horizon Telescope er y towl doo yl-ghloutagh ec çheshvean Messier 87

Er 10 Averil 2019, va’n chied jalloo jeeragh jeh towl doo as e nabooys er ny hoilshaghey magh lurg baghtyn va jeant lesh yn Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) ‘sy vlein 2017 jeh’n towl doo yl-ghloutagh ayns çheshvean co-rollageyssagh Messier 87. Va ny baghtyn jeant ayns hoght reayrtlann ayns shey ynnyd çheer-oaylleeagh car kiare laa as lesh queig petabyte jeh fysseree ec y jerrey. ‘Sy vlein 2022, ren co-obbraghey yn Event Horizon Telescope skeaylley magh jalloo yn towl doo ta soit ayns çheshvean Raad Moor Gorree, Sagittarius A*. Va ny fysseree er ny ve çhaglit ‘sy vlein 2017. Ren mynscrutaghey cruinn er gleashaght rollageyn v’er ny recortyssey lesh mishoon Gaia kairail feanish ‘sy vlein 2022 as 2023 bentyn rish towl doo enmyssit Gaia BH1 ayns corys jeesoil marish rollage gollrish y Ghrian ain mysh 1,560 sollys-vleinyn (480 parsecyn) voin. She Gaia BH1 y towl doo s’niessey dooin t’er fys ain. Ta daa howl too elley er ny ve feddynit magh veih fysseree Gaia, fer ayns corys jeesoil marish foawr jiarg as fer elley ayns corys jeesoil marish rollage rang G.

Bun-ocklaght

She çhyndaa jeeragh veih black hole y Vaarle eh “towl doo.” Ayns Mee ny Nollick 1967, ren studeyr moylley yn enmys black hole ayns leagh lesh John Wheeler; kyndagh rish y gherrit as y “leagh soilsheenee” echey, ren Wheeler doltey yn enmys as ren ardjid Wheeler ‘sy ream shickyraghey doltey yn enmys, as, myr shen, va treisht currit da Wheeler bentyn rish crooaght yn enmys.

Ansherbee, va’n enmys shen ymmydit hannah hene lesh sleih elley ec y traa shen. Ren y screeudeyr sheanse Marcia Bartusiak eiyrt er yn enmys "black hole" dys yn ishigagh Robert H. Dicke, ren screeu ayns ny 1960yn leah dy row yn phenomenon shen cosoyllagh rish Towl Doo Calcutta, pryssoon imraagh raad hie sleih stiagh agh cha daink ad magh bio. Va’n enmys black hole er ny ymmyd ‘sy chlou lesh ny h-earishlioaryn Life as Science News ‘sy vlein 1963, as lesh yn earisheyr sheanse Ann Ewing ‘syn art eck, "'Black Holes' in Space", veih 18 Jerrey Geuree 1964, tuarastyl er çhaglym yn American Association for the Advancement of Science haghyr ayns Cleveland, Ohio.

Troyn as strughtoor

Dy cadjin, ta towl doo meenit myr ard y spoar-hraa raad nagh vel cowraghyn ny reddyn lesh fysseree jargal dy scapail. Ansherbee, cha nel meenaghey cruinn coardit jeh towl doo ec fishigee. Veih perspeghtaght ynnydagh, foddee towl doo ve fakinit myr ard marish tayrnys ym-hayrnagh ny, corrym rish shen, marish cruillaght spoar-hraa cha çhionn as dy vel eh neuyantagh dy scapail. Foddee towl doo ve meenit myr ard raad ta’n vieauid-jeerit scapail ny smoo na bieauid hollys, ny raad ta’n spoar cohuittym stiagh ny s’tappee na bieauid hollys. She $V={\sqrt {2MG/R}}$ yn formley da’n vieauid-jeerit scapail raad ta M soilshaghey glout, ta G soilshaghey yn beayn-earroo ym-hayrnagh, as ta R soilshaghey yn craue raadeeoil veih çheshvean y ghlout. Veih perspeghtaght ghowanagh, foddee towl doo ve toiggit myr ard jeh’n tuinney raad nagh vel cummaghtyn cooishagh roshtyn y seihll çheumooie.

Ta’n çhoarym gyn gruag treeal nagh vel agh tree tro fishigagh seyr ec towl doo as eh ayns foaynoo shickyr: glout, lughtey lectragh, as momentum uillinagh; cha nel tro elley erbee ec towl doo. My s’feer yn far-vriwnys shoh, my vees daa howl doo rheynn ny leaghyn cheddin da ny troyn, ny ny parameadaryn, shen veagh ad neurheynnagh veih-my-cheilley. Ansherbee, she feysht neufeayslit eh shoh da tuill ghoo irrinagh.

She troyn er lheh ny troyn shoh er-yn-oyr dy vel ad so-akin veih’n theihll çheumooie jeh towl doo. Myr sampleyr, ta towl doo lughtit ashwoalley lughtyn cosoyllagh elley gollrish red lughtit elley erbee. Er yn aght cosoyllagh, foddee slane glout ve oolit lesh mynscrutaghey gleashaght ny reddyn ta faggys da’n towl doo, lheid as rollageyn ny gas. Foddee momentum uillinagh (ny çhyndaa) towl doo ve towshit foddey voish lesh mynscrutaghey spectrum lectro-vagnaidagh y jysk cruinnee—myr s’tappee çhyndaa yn towl doo, s’niessey da’n scell-linney haghyrt foddee stoo gleashaghey gyn tuittym stiagh, as s’jiargey yn cummey t’ec y stoo kyndagh rish y jiarg-arraghey ym-hayrnagh echey. Foddee troyn tuill ghoo ve cronnit lesh ny tonnyn ym-hayrnagh t’ad ceau magh.

Er-yn-oyr dy vel y towl doo çheet dys staydys shickyr marish tree parameadar, lhisagh fysseree bentyn rish ny foaynooyn toshee ve cailt; cha nel reamyn ym-hayrnagh ny lectragh y towl doo kiarail monney fysseree bentyn rish ny ren tuittym stiagh, as ta dagh mooadys nagh vel yn-towshanagh foddey veih scell-linney yn towl doo er choayl. Currit rish shen as er-yn-oyr dy nee çhermagh goulraght Hawking ta ceaut magh veih’n towl doo, cha nel eh gymmyrkey fysseree erbee bentyn rish ny ren tuittym stiagh ‘sy towl doo as, rere shen, s’cosoyllagh dy vel ny fysseree shen goll naardey choud’s ta’n towl doo goulraghey magh. Er-yn-oyr dy vel eh brishey leigh freayltys bree, t’eh er ny ve enmyssit sou-cheeall coal fysseree yn towl doo.

Parameadaryn fishigagh

Craueyn raadeeoil da’n scaa as y sfeyr photon ayns coreir rish y scell-linney haghyrt

Ny tuill ghoo s’oney, ta glout oc agh cha nel lughtey lectragh ny momentum uillinagh oc. Ta ny tuill ghoo shen enmyssit tuill ghoo Schwarzschild dy mennick, ass Karl Schwarzschild, ren feddyn magh y feaysley ‘sy vlein 1916. Rere sheiltynys Birkhoff, she eshyn ta’n ynrican feaysley folmid ta shimmeadragh cruinn. T’eh shen meenaghey nagh vel anchaslys baghtal erbee ayn ec foddeeaght eddyr ream ym-hayrnagh lheid towl too as red cruinn elley as y glout cheddin echey. Controllee gys yn eie cadjin ta gra dy vel tuill ghoo “soo stiagh dagh red” ‘sy çhymmyltaght echey, veih perspeghtaght foddey voish, ta ream ym-hayrnagh y towl doo as corpane elley erbee lesh y ghlout cheddin echey unnane.

Ta feayslaghyn elley ayn ta cur sheese er tuill ghoo chadjin. Ta meadraght Reissner–Nordström soilshaghey tuill ghoo lughtit neu-hyndaaee, choud’s ta meadraght Kerr soilshaghey towl doo çhyndaaee neu-lughtit. She meadraght Kerr–Newman y feaysley s’cadjiney da tuill ghoo ny hassoo as eh soilshaghey towl doo marish lughtey as momentum uillinagh.

Rere y sheiltynys, foddee leagh jarrooagh erbee ve ec glout towl doo agh ta’n lughtey as y momentum uillinagh caglit lesh e glout shen. T’eh jerkit dy vel y slane lughtey lectragh Q as y slane momentum uillinagh  J cooilleeney yn neuchormid $${\frac {Q^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}+{\frac {c^{2}J^{2}}{GM^{2}}}\leq GM^{2}$$ da towl doo ta enmyssit M. Ny tuill ghoo marish y ghlout jantagh sloo ta cooilleeney y neuchormid shen, t’ad enmyssit feeganagh. Ta feayslaghyn da cormidyn Einstein ta brishey yn neuchormid shen ayn, agh cha nel scell-linney haghyrt oc. Ta singyltaghtyn rooisht so-akinagh veih’n theihll çheumooie ec ny feayslaghyn shoh. Shymmey fishigagh ta credjal nagh vel ad jantagh er-yn-oyr dy jinnagh ny singyltaghtyn shen yn tuinney neuaaishnit er dooghys. Ta baght-varel y chinseyraght huinnagh voal, va treealit lesh Roger Penrose, faagail magh crooaght lheid singyltaghtyn tra t’ad crooit lesh cohuittym ym-hayrnagh jeh stoo rieughagh. Ansherbee, derrey shoh cha nel y sheiltynys shen er ny phrowal as ta fishigee eigsoylagh ayn ta gra dy vel ad jantagh. Chammah’s shen, cha nel fys ayn er jargaght tuill ghoo ve feeganagh as croo singyltaghtyn rooisht, er-yn-oyr dy vel obbraghyn najooragh cur bac er y çhyndaa as y lughtey ardjaghey tra ta towl doo begnagh feeganagh.

Lughtey

T’eh er credjal dy vel lughtey neaghtyragh faggyssagh ec y chooid smoo jeh tuill ghoo. Myr sampleyr, ren Michal Zajaček, Arman Tursunov, Andreas Eckart, as Silke Britzen feddyn magh dy row yn lughtey lectragh ec Sagittarius A*, y towl doo ec çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree, jeih oardagh mooadys er y chooid sloo fo’n earroo sheiltynagh sloo. My jagh towl doo dy ve lughtit, veagh floagyn as cowrey lughtee condaigagh oc tayrnit stiagh lesh y forse lectro-vagnaidagh, choud’s veagh floagyn as y cowrey lughtee cheddin oc er ny aawoalley as y towl doo er ny neaghtyraghey. Foddee nagh beagh yn eiyrtys shen cha lajer my vees y towl doo çhyndaa. Foddee faare lughtee injillaghey crantessen y towl doo heose dys 38% as t’eh scughey yn cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie (ISCO) ny s’odjey stiagh gyn scansh da lughtaghey lectragh ny neaghtyraghey lectragh ny floagyn çheusthie jeh’n ISCO.

Ta’n lughtey Q da towl doo neu-hyndaaee caglit lesh $$Q\leq {\sqrt {G}}M$$ raad ta G soilshaghey yn beayn-earroo ym-hayrnagh as ta M soilshaghey glout y towl doo.

Ny tuill ghoo smoo gloutagh, t’ad enmyssit tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh as ad ny smoo na 10⁶ jeh glout ny Greiney. T’eh credjit dy vel ny tuill ghoo shen soit ec çheshveanyn begnagh dagh co-rolageys mooar, goaill stiagh Raad Mooar Gorree. Ta sheanseyryn jannoo tuarymaght dy daink ny tuill ghoo shen magh ass cohuittym rollageyn mooarey yn III pobble, cohuittym jeeragh mooadyssyn mooarey stoo, ny covestey ram tuill ghoo elley. Ta sheanseyryn elley er treeal fo-ronney dy huill ghoo ny smoo na adsyn as ad enmyssit tuil ghoo erskyn-ghloutagh, as ad ny smoo na 10⁹–10¹⁰ er glout greiney. Cha nel eh liklee dy vel lheid tuill ghoo shen ny smoo na 50-100 billoon keayrtyn jeh glout ny Greiney er mayrn nish er-yn-oyr dy vel aase tuill ghoo caglit rere eash y tuinney.

Çhyndaa

Neughollrish y lughtey, t’eh jerkit dy nee tro co-chadjin lesh reddyn fishigagh rollageagh eh yn çhyndaa as y chooid smoo jeh tuill ghoo begnagh ec y chormid s’yrjey. Myr sampleyr, ta towl doo meanagh Raad Mooar Gorree, Sagittarius A*, çhyndaa ec mysh 90% y chormid s’yrjey. S’cosoylagh dy vel momentum uillinagh y towl doo yl-ghloutagh ec mean y cho-rollageys M87 begnagh ec y leagh lowit s’yrjey. Ta’n cagliagh neu-lughtit shen $$J\leq {\frac {GM^{2}}{c}},$$ lhiggey da meenaghey parameadar çhyndaa gyn towshan: $$0\leq {\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}\leq 1.$$

Rang-oardraghey tuill ghoo

Rang	Glout fagg.	Craue raadeeoil faagys.
Towl doo erskyn-ghloutagh	109–1011 M☉	>1,000 AU
Towl doo yl-ghloutagh	106–109 M☉	0.001–400 AU
Towl doo mean-ghloutagh	102–105 M☉	103 km ≈ Ry Dowan
Towl doo rollageagh	2–150 M☉	30 km
Meegra-howl doo	seose dys Myn Eayst	seose dys 0.1 mm

Glout

S’lheeadagh y reayn glout t’ec tuill ghoo. Ta glout s’inshley jeh towl doo va crooit lesh cohuittym ym-hayrnagh rollageagh er ny stiurey lesh glout rollage naeearaneagh s’yrjey as t’eh er credjal dy vel eh eddyr daa as kiare glout greiney. Ansherbee, foddee tuill ghoo vunneydagh haghyr tammylt beg lurg y Bleaystey Mooar, ve foddey ny sloo as glout cha beg as 10⁻⁵ grams ec y chrooaght oc. Keayrtyn, ta ny tuill ghoo shen enmyssit meegra-huill ghoo.

Ta tuill ghoo va crooit lesh cohuittym rollageagh enmyssit tuill ghoo rollageagh. Ny leaghyn da’n ghlout s’yrjey ec y chrooaght oc, t’eh oolit dy vel ad eddyr 10 as 100 glout greiney, as oolaghyn ny s’yrjey da tuill ghoo va roie-ghientit lesh rollageyn beg-veainagh. Foddee ny tuill ghoo shen cosney glout s’odjey dy gheddyn lesh cruinnaghey stoo faggyssagh. S’mennick ta tuill ghoo rollageagh feddynit ayns coryssyn jeesoil scell-X marish rollageyn. Foddee ny coryssyn jeesoil shoh ve rang-oardit myr coryssyn beg-ghloutagh ny ard-ghloutagh. Ta’n rang-oardraghey shoh bunnit er glout y cho-rollage, as chan er glout y red çhionn hene. Ta tuill ghoo rollageagh ry-gheddyn chammah ayns coryssyn jeesoil marish reddyn çhionn elley, lheid as crivassanyn bane, rollageyn naeearaneagh, as tuill ghoo elley.

Tuill ghoo ny smoo na tuill ghoo rollageagh agh ny sloo na tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh, ta’d enmyssit tuill ghoo vean-ghloutagh keayrtyn as ad eddyr 10² as 10⁵ glout greiney masses er glout. S’cosoylagh dy vel ny tuill ghoo shen ny smoo goan na ny tuill ghoo rollageagh as yl-ghloutagh, as s’goan ny yeearreyderyn va fakinit. Ta fishigee treeal dy vel lheid tuill ghoo shen crooit lurg covuillaghyn ayns çhaglymyn bluckanagh as rollageagh ny ec çheshveanyn co-rollageyssyn crivassanagh. Foddee ad ve crooit myr eiyrtys er covestey tuill ghoo ny sloo, as baghtyn LIGO eigsoylagh er ny gheddyn tuill ghoo çheusthie ‘sy reayn eddyr 110 as 350 glout greiney.

Craue raadeeoil

Da towl doo neulughtit neu-hyndaaee, ta craue raadeeoil y scell-linney haghyrt, ny craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild, ayns coreir rish y ghlout, M, trooid $$r_{\mathrm {s} }={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}\approx 2.95\,{\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}~\mathrm {km,}$$ raad ta r_s soilshaghey craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild as raad ta M_☉ soilshaghey glout ny Greiney. Da towl doo marish çhyndaa ny lughtey neu-neunhee, ta’n craue raadeeoil ny sloo, derrey vees scell-linney haghyrt ec towl doo feeganagh er gerrey da $$r_{\mathrm {+} }={\frac {GM}{c^{2}}},$$ lieh-ayrn jeh craue raadeeoil towl doo neu-hyndaaee neulughtit.

Towse-oaylleeaght vooie

Ergosfeyr

Ard-art: Ergosfeyr

She ard çheumooie jeh’n scell-linney haghyrt raad nagh vel reddyn jargal dy hannaghtyn ayn.

Ta’n chonastaght chadjin faaishnaghey dy vees glout çhyndaaee ennagh “tayrn” er y spoar-hraa ta jeeragh mygeayrt y mysh. Nee eh cur rish çhyndaa yn spoar-hraa mygeayrt y glout, gollrish eeirey. Tayrnee yn spoar-hraa çhyndaaee stoo as sollysh erbee stiagh ayns çhyndaa mygeayrt y glout çhyndaaee chammah. Yn eiyrtys shoh, ta enmyssit tayrn fraamey, myr s’niessey da’n ghlout çhyndaaee t’eh s’troshey t’eh.

Ta’n eiyrtys shoh feer lajer faggys da towl doo çhyndaaee. Ta tuill ghoo hyndaaee cruinnit lesh ard jeh’n spoar-hraa ta enmyssit yn ergosfeyr raad t’eh neuyantagh dy hannaghtyn kinjagh ayn. T’eh shoh taghyrtyn er-yn-oyr dy ve y tayrn fraamey cha lajer faggys da’n scell-linney haghyrt as dy lhisagh red gleashaghey ny s’tappe na bieauid hollys ‘sy troa contraartagh feeu dy hannaghtyn kinjagh.

Ta ergosfeyr towl doo ny thummid ta caglit lesh scell-linney haghyrt y towl doo as yn “ergo-eaghtyr,” ta coadail ry-cheilley rish y scell-linney haghyrt ec ny puill agh ec foddeeaght ny smoo ec y veanchiarkyl.

Foddee stoo as goulraght scapail veih’n ergosfeyr. Trooid loaghtey Penrose, foddee reddyn çheet ass yn ergosfeyr lesh ny smoo bree na v’oc tra hie ad stiagh. Ta’n bree brash goit veih bree çhyndaaee yn towl doo, as eh moalaghey çhyndaa yn towl doo. She caghlaays loaghtey Penrose ayns faare reamyn magnaidagh lajer eh loaghtey Blandford–Znajek, as t’eh coontit myr obbrinaght chosoyllagh da lossanaght vooar as skiootyn conastaghtoil quasaryn as çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio elley.

Jysk cruinnee

Ard-art: Jysk cruinnee

Towl doo as jysk cruinnee oranje-vuigh echey. Ny h-ayrnyn jeh’n jysk ta kiarkley erskyn as fo’n towl, t’ad lensit fo ym-hayrn veih cooyl y towl doo.

Kyndagh rish coadey momentum uillinagh, nee gas ta tuittym stiagh ‘sy çhibbyr ym-hayrnagh, t’er ny chroo lesh red gloutagh, croo strughtoor ayns cummey jysk mygeayrt y red. As momentum uillinagh y jysk er ny scughey magh kyndagh rish loaghtaghyn sthie, ta’n stoo tuittym s’odjey stiagh as çhyndaa yn bree ym-hayrnagh echey stiag hayns çhiassid as skealley flusk mooar dy scellyn-X. Foddee çhiassid ny jyskyn shoh ve eddyr ny thousaneyn dys ny millioonyn dy Kelvin, as foddee çhiassidyn anchasley rish y cheilley ‘sy jysk cruinnee cheddin. Foddee jyskyn cruinnee brooightey ayns ayrnyn elley jeh’n spectrum lectro-vagnaidagh, croghey er anvea as magnaidaghey yn jysk as glout as momentum uillinagh y towl doo.

Foddee jyskyn cruinnee ve meenit myr jyskyn thanney ny roauyr dy towse-oaylleeagh. Er y chooid smoo, ta jyskyn thanney caglit da plaaney meanchiarkylagh y towl doo as ta oirr vie-veenit oc ec y chruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie (ISCO), choud’s ta jyskyn roauyr freilt lesh broo sthie as çhiassid as foddee ad sheeyney stiagh ‘syn ISCO. Ta jyskyn marish cormidyn ard jeh scaalheaney as soo lectraneyn ta gial as dullyr er baght enmyssit “roauyr dy shilleydagh.” Ta jyskyn “thanney dy shilleydagh” ny smoo trooid-hoilshagh as t’ad gientyn jallooyn ny smoo baiht er baght foddey voue. Ta jyskyn cruinnee jeh tuill ghoo ta cruinnaghey ny smoo na cagliagh Eddington enmyssit “teastagyn Polynnagh” kyndagh rish y chummey roauyr toryssagh ta gollrish teastag.

T’eh jerkit dy vees jyskyn cruinnee quasaryn gorrym er daah er y chooid smoo. Y jysk da towl doo rollageagh, er y laue elley, veagh eh oranje-vuigh, buigh, ny jiarg er daah as ny h-ardjyn sthie jeh ny h-ayrnyn s’gilley. Ta’n ronsaght heiltynagh moylley dy vel y jysk ny s’gorrymey my vel eh ny s’çhoe, ga nagh vel baghtyn er reddyn rollageydagh rieughagh cummal seose yn sheiltynys shen. Foddee daaghyn ny jyskyn cruinnee ve caghlaait lesh eiyrtys Doppler, raad vees yn ayrn jeh’n jysk ta goll ayns troa yn chronneyder ny s’gorreymey as ny s’gilley as yn ayrn elley ny s’jiargey as ny s’dullyr.

Skiootyn conastaghtoil

Ta skiootyn conastaghtoil veih’n towl doo yl-ghloutagh ayns Centaurus A sheeyney dy kern-jeeragh veih’n cho-rollageys.

Ta skiootyn conastaghtoil ec tuill ghoo eigsoylagh. Ny skiootyn shen, she strooanyn dy phlasmey t’ad ta roie magh ass y towl doo er ny smoo na yn jeihoo jeh’n vieauid hollys. Foddee ny skiootyn shen sheeyney cha foddey as millioonyn dy pharsecyn veih’n towl doo hene.

Foddee skiootyn ve ec tuill ghoo ennagh gyn scansh da’n ghlout oc. Ansherbee, er y chooid smoo t’ad ry-akin ec tuill ghoo hyndaaee as jyskyn cruninee feer vagnaidit oc. S’menkey va skiootyn conastaghtoil ‘sy tuinney leah, tra va co-rollageyssyn as nyn duill ghoo yl-ghloutagh cosney glout dy tappee. Ta jyskyn cruinnee ec dagh towl doo as skiootyn oc, agh ta ny skiootyn ny s’gilley na’n jysk er y chooid smoo. Dy mennick, ta tuill ghoo yl-ghloutagh enmyssit “quasaryn,” as ny co-oltyn rollageagh maroo, t’ad enmyssit “meegra-quasaryn.”

Cha nel fys ain foast bentyn rish obbrinaght chrooaght ny skiootyn, agh ta reihyssyn ennagh er ny ve treealit. Ta loaghtey Blandford–Znajek, nane jeh ny reihyssyn t’er ny ve treealit, moylley tayrn ny linnaghyn ream magnaidagh lesh çhyndaa yn towl doo as foddee eh launshey skiootyn stoo stiagh ‘sy spoar. Ta loaghtey Penrose er ny ve treealit chammah, as eh çheet er tayrn magh bree çhyndaaee yn towl doo myr obbrinaght yantagh yn imman skiootagh.

Cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie (ISCO)

Ard-art: Cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie

Er-yn-oyr dy vel floagyn ayns jysk cruinnee yn towl doo cruinlaghey ec ny çheumooie yn ISCO, foddee rollageyder scrutaghey troyn ny jyskyn cruinnee dy chronnaghey çhyndaayssyn y towl doo.

Rere ym-hayrn Newton, foddee floagyn prowallagh cruinlaghey dy shickyr ec foddeeaghtyn skelimagh veih red meanagh. ‘Sy chonastaght chadjin, ansherbee, ta craue raadeeoil sloo jantagh ayn da floag vooar son dy chruinlaghey dy shickyr. Yinnagh boirrey ree-veg stiagh erbee da’n chruinlagh cooish da tuittym y loag jannoo caslagh stiagh ayns towl doo, as yinnagh boirrey magh erbee, croghey er y vree, cur broo er y loag dy chaslagh stiagh, dy gholl dys cruinlagh ny smoo shickyr as ny s’odjey veih’n towl doo, ny scapail dys y neuyerrinaght. Y cruinlagh shoh, t’eh enmyssit y cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie, ny yn ISCO. Ta soiaghey yn ISCO croghit er çhyndaa yn towl doo as cassey yn loag hene. Ayns cooish towl doo Schwarzschild (cassey neunhee) as floag gyn cassey, ta soiaghey yn ISCO soilshit myr: $$r_{\rm {ISCO}}=3\,r_{\text{s}}={\frac {6\,GM}{c^{2}}}.$$ Ta craue raadeeoil y chruinlagh shoh ceaghley beggan er veggan rere cassey yn loag. Ta’n ISCO scughey stiagh da tuill ghoo lughtit. Ta tuill ghoo hyndaaee, ta’n ISCO goll er scughey stiagh da floagyn ta cruinlaghey ayns troa cheddin cassey yn towl doo (gleashaght far-ghraadagh) as magh da floagyn ta cruinlaghey ‘sy troa contraartagh (gleashaght chooyl-ghraadagh). Myr sampleyr, foddee yn ISCO da floag ta cruinlaghey dy cooyl-ghraadagh ve cha foddey magh as $9r_{\text{s}}$, choud’s foddee yn ISCO da floag ta cruinlaghey dy far-ghraadagh ve cha giare as y scell-linney haghyrt hene.

Ard thummee

Ard-art: Ard thummee

Yn ard fakinagh jerree jeh’n spoar-hraa mygeayrt y towl doo, t’eh enmyssit yn ard thummee. ‘Syn ard shoh, cha nel stoo jantagh dy eiyrt er cruinleeyn kiarkylagh as cha nel ad jantagh dy chur bac er y tarlheim jerree stiagh ‘sy towl doo. Ayns ynnyd y chruinlagh, nee eh thummey dy tappee ayns troa yn towl doo begnagh ec bieauid hollys as eh geddyn ny s’çhoe as gientyn brooightey çhermagh cowreydagh yn-chronnalagh. Ansherbee, foddee soilshey as goulraght hermagh t’er ny vrooightey magh ‘syn ard shoh scapail tayrn ym-hayrnagh y towl doo.

Sfeyr photon

Ard-art: Sfeyr photon

Feeshan jeh photon as eh er ny ve goit lesh towl doo Schwarzschild

Ta sfeyr photon çheet er cagliagh cruinn raad veagh photonyn ta gleashaghey er tanjentyn rish y sfeyr shen gowit ayns cruinlagh kiarkylagh neuhickyr mygeayrt y towl doo.Da tuill ghoo Schwarzschild, ta craue raadeeoil 1.5 cheayrt ny smoo na craue raadeeoil Schwarzchild ec y sfer photon. Da tuill ghoo elley, ta’n sfeyr photon 1.5 cheayrt ny smoo er craue raadeeoil na’n scell-linney haghyrt, agh cha nel craue raadeeoil y sfeyr photon ny smoo na scaa yn towl doo. Veagh nyn gruinleeyn anhickyr as, lesh shen, yinnagh boirrey beg ennagh, lheid as floag ta tuittym stiagh, anhickyrys daasagh lurg tammylt. Yinnagh eh ceau yn photon er cassan magh, cur rish e scapail veih cruinlagh y towl doo, ny ceau eh er caslagh stiagh raad, fy yerrey, yinnagh eh goll tessen y scell-linney haghyrt.

Son towl doo çhyndaaee neulughtit, ta craue raadeeoil y sfeyr photon croghey er y pharameadar caslagh as er cruinlagh cooyl-ghraadagh ny far-ghraadagh y photon. Son photon ta cruinlaghey dy far-ghraadagh, bee yn sfeyr photon 1–3 craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild veih mean y towl doo, choud’s bee yn sfeyr photon 3–5 craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild veih mean y towl doo da photon ta cruinlaghey dy cooyl-chraadagh. Ta soiaghey cruinn y sfeyr photon croghey er mooadys çhyndaa yn towl doo. Son towl doo neuhyndaaee lughtit, cha bee agh un sfeyr photon, as nee craue raadeoil y sfeyr photon leodaghey choud’s ta lughtey yn towl doo mooadaghey. Son tuill ghoo hyndaaee lughtit neu-eeganagh, bee daa sfeyr photon ayn dy kinjagh, as bee ny cruaeyn raadeeoil croghey er parameadaryn y towl doo.

Choud’s ta’n soilshey jargal dy scapail veih’n sfeyr photon, veagh un hoilshey ta goll tessen y sfeyr photon goit lesh y towl doo. Myr shen, lhisagh soilshey erbee ta roshtyn fakider mooie veih’n sfeyr photon ve ceaut magh lesh reddyn eddyr y sfeyr photon as y scell-linney haghyrt.

Scell-linney haghyrt

Ard-art: Scell-linney haghyrt

Foddey veih’n towl doo, foddee floag gleashaghey ayns troa erbee, myr ta ny sideyn soilshaghey. She beauid hollys yn ynrican lhiettrimys t’echey.

Ny s’niessey da’n towl too, ta’n spoar-hraa mee-chummey. Ta ny smoo cassanyn goll ayns troa yn towl doo na adsyn ta goll ersooyl voish.

Çheusthie jeh’n scell-linney haghyrt, ta dagh cassan tayrn y floag ny s’niessey da mean y towl doo. Cha nel y floag jargal dy scapail nish.

She beays scell-linney haghyrt, cagliagh ‘sy spoar-hraa nagh vel stoo ny soilshey jargal dy scapail as dy vel ad tuittym dys çheshvean y towl doo gyn çheet er-ash, y tro cowreydagh jeh towl doo.. My vel taghyrt taghyrtyn çheusthie jeh’n chagliagh shoh, cha nel fysseree bentyn rish y taghyrt shen roshtyn ny cur stiagh er fakider çheumooie as, myr shen, cha nel eh jargal dy chronnaghey taghyrtyn yn taghyrt shen. Myr shen, ta shin cur “scell-linney haghyrt” er y chagliagh shoh.

Myr ta faaishnit lesh y chonastaght chadjin, ta faare glout mee-chummey yn spoar-hraa ayns lheid aght as dy vel cassanyn floagyn lhoobey dys y ghlout. Ec y scell-linney taghyrt, ta’n mee-chummey shoh çheet dy ve cha niartal as nagh vel cassan erbee goll ersooyl veih’n towl doo.

Da fakider foddey voish, veagh clag faggys da’n towl doo griggeraght ny s’melley na clag elley ny s’odjey jeh’n towl doo. Yn eiyrtys shoh, ta enmyssit lheanaghey traa ym-hayrnagh, veagh soylley neuhiyraghey ec red ta tuittym stiagh ayns towl doo as eh geddyn ny s’niessey da’n scell-linney, gyn roshtynys erbee da ayns perspeghtaght yn akider mooieVeagh soylley neuhiyraghey ec dagh loaghtey da’n red shoh, as veagh un hollysh va ceaut magh voish ny s’jiargey as ny s’baiht, eiyrtys ta enmyssit jiarg-arraghey ym-hayrnagh. Fy yerrey, veagh yn red tuittym er ny lheie ersooyl derrey nagh beagh eh ry-akin. Dy cadjin, veagh yn loaghtey shoh feer happee; veagh yn red er ny gholl naardey çheusthie jeh un thootçhey.

Er y laue elley, cha beagh fakider ta tuittym stiagh ‘sy towl doo cur geill da fer erbee jeh ny h-eiyrtyssyn shen as ad goll tessen y scell-linney haghyrt. Veagh e chlag hene griggeraght myr s’cadjin, as yinnagh eh goll tessen y scell-linney haghyrt lurg tammylt caglit gyn baght er un aghtys er lheh. ‘Sy chonastaght chadjin, cha nel eh jargal dy chronnaghey soiaghey yn scell-linney haghyrt veih baghtyn ynnydagh, kyndagh rish y phrinsabyl co-hrimmid lesh Einstein . Ga dy beagh y tuinney mooie ny s’gilley as ny s’gorrymey ayns cummey as dy beagh eh ayns bieau-ghleashaght choud’s veagh y fakider tuittym stiagh, veagh yn eiyrtys shen caglit, as foddee eh ve er ny gholley magh dy beagh y fakider gleashaght ec bieauidyn tappee dy liooar.

S’cruinn jeeragh eh towse-oaylleeaght y scell-linney haghyrt ayns tuill ghoo neu-hyndaaee, agh s’oblaidagh ta’n scell-linney haghyrt ayns tuill ghoo hyndaaee.

Towse-oaylleeaght sthie

Scell-linney Cauchy

Ard-art: Scell-linney Cauchy

Ta scell-linney sthie, ta enmyssit scell-linney Cauchy dy mennick, ayns tuill ghoo ta çhyndaa as/ny ta lughtit. Ta’n scell-linney sthie rheynnit magh ayns daa veer: meer stiagh as meer magh.

Ec y veer stiagh jeh scell-linney Cauchy, yinnagh goulraght as stoo t’er ny huittym stiagh ‘sy towl doo çhymsaghey ec y scell-linney, as ver eh er cruillaght y spoar-hraa dy gholl dys y neuyerrinaght. Ver eh er yn akider forsaghyn tidee dy ennaghtyn. Dy mennick, ta’n phenomenon shen enmyssit bolgey glout, er-yn-oyr dy vel eh kianglt rish parameadar ta sarey aase ecksponentoil glout sthie yn towl doo, as ta çhymsaghey ny forsaghyn tidee enmyssit y tingyltaght volgey glout ny singyltaght scell-linney Cauchy. Ta fishigee eigsoylagh resooney dy jinnagh cruinnaghey as goulraght Hawking cur lhiettrimys er bolgey glout ayns tuill ghoo rieughagh.

Ec y veer magh jeh’n scell-linney sthie, veagh goulraght ta tuittym stiagh ash-skeaylley noi cruillaght spoar-hraa yn towl doo as veagh eh goll magh, çhymsaghey ec scell-linney magh Cauchy. Ver eh er fakider ta tuittym stiagh tonn buillee ym-hayrnagh as forsaghyn tidee dy ennaghtyn tra va cruillaght y spoar-hraa ec y scell-linney gaase dys y neuyerrinaght. Ta çhymsaghey ny forsaghyn tidee shen enmyssit y tingyltaght vuillee.

S’annoonagh ta’n daa hingyltaght shoh; t’eh meenaghey dy beagh red goll tesseyn ad veagh eh meechummit agh fy mooadys caglit lesh ny forsaghyn tidee, ga beagh y chruillaght spoar-hraa neuyerrinagh ec y tingyltaght. T’eh shen shassoo jeeragh noi singyltaght lajer, raad veagh red er ny heeyney as ny chraishtey er mooadys neuyerrinagh dy beagh eh roshtyn y tingyltaght. Chammah’s shen, ta singyltaghtyn neunhee ayn, raad ta photon jargal gleashaghey co-heeynt roosyn gyn lhiettalys.

Singyltaght

Ard-art: Singyltaght ym-hayrnagh

Ta kiaddaghyn maddaghtoil dy huill ghoo ta bunnit er conastaghtyn cadjin goaill stiagh singyltaghtyn ec y çheshvean oc—poyntyn raad ta cruillaght y spoar-hraa çheet dy ve neuyerrinagh, as ta geodesee goaill jerrey çheusthie jeh traa chiart. Ansherbee, cha nel fys ain my vel lheid singyltaghtyn ayn ayns tuill ghoo rieughagh. Ta fishigee ennagh credjal nagh vel singyltaghtyn ayn er chor erbee, as dy vel y faare jeu er pabyr, yinnagh y spoar-hraa neu-aaishynssagh, cowraghey brishey sheese y chonastaght chadjin as feme da toiggaltys s’odjey jeh’n ym-hayrn quantum. Ta fir elley elley credjal dy vel lheid singyltaghtyn feayslit çheusthie jeh crauelagh roie yn ishig gyn feme er yn ym-hayrn quantum. Ta fishigee elley ayn, goaill stiagh Kip Thorne as Charles Misner, ta credjal nagh vel dagh singyltaght so-eayslagh, as dy vel fir ayn ‘sy tuinney rieughagh, s’liklee, dyn bwooise da eiyrtyssyn yn ym-hayrn quantum. Fy yerrey, ta fir ayn ta credjal nagh vel singyltaghtyn ayn er chor erbee as nagh vel scansh ayn bentyn rish yn aare oc kyndagh rish yn eie dy nee sheiltynys neuchreaghnit eh yn chonastaght chadjin.

Rere y chonastaght chadjin, ta singyltaght ny hoie çheusthie jeh dagh towl doo. Ayns tuill ghoo neu-hyndaaee, ta cummey un phoynt ec yn ard shoh; ayns tuill ghoo hyndaaee t’eh er ny smearey ayns cummey singyltaght fainey ta ny lhie ayns plaaney yn çhyndaays. ‘Sy daa chooish, ta thummid neunhee ec yn ard singyltagh. Ta dagh ayrn jeh glout y towl doo goaill jerrey ‘sy tingyltaght. Er-yn-oyr dy vel glout neu-neunhee çheusthie jeh spoar beg neuyerrinagh, foddee sleih smoinaghtyn er myr red as glooaght neuyerrinagh echey.

Leaystaghyn corvaalagh y spoar-hraa myr ta red gennaghtyn as eh roshtyn dys y tingyltaght ym-hayrnagh

Mesteyder lectragh Mixmaster

Cha nel fakideryn t’er ny huittym stiagh ayns towl doo Schwarzschild (.i. neu-hyndaaee as neu-lughtit) shaghney yn ymmyrkey stiagh ‘sy tingyltaght tra t’ad er ny gholl tessen y scell-linney haghyrt. As ad tuittym ny s’odjey stiagh ‘sy towl doo, bee ad er ny raipey lesh ny forsaghyn tidee ayns loaghtey ta enmyssit spaghettaghey ny “eiyrtys noodyl.” Fy yerrey, nee ad roshtyn y tingyltaght as bee ad er ny yingey stiagh ayns poynt beg neuyerrinagh.

Roish ny 1970yn, ren y chooid smoo jeh fishigee credjal dy row yn çheusthie jeh towl doo Schwarzschild cruillit stiagh dys poynt geyre ec y tingyltaght. Ansherbee, ayns ny 1960yn jerrinagh, ren ny fishigee Hoveidjagh Vladimir Belinskii, Isaak Khalatnikov, as Evgeny Lifshitz feddyn magh dy row yn kiaddey shen feer agh ynrican choud’s nagh row yn spoar-hraa çheusthie jeh’n towl doo currit fyd y cheilley. Yinnagh boirrey erbee, lheid as adsyn lesh tuittym stiagh stoo ny goulraght, cur rish leaystey corvaalagh y spoar faggys da’n tingyltaght. Yinnagh stoo erbee vees tuittym stiagh forsaghyn tidee çhiu dy ennaghtyn as ny forsaghyn shen ceaghley yn troa oc dy tappee, choud’s vees eh er ny chovroojey stiagh ayns thummid beg. Denmys fishigee ny leaystaghyn shen "gleashaghtys Mixmaster", lurg mark dy vesteyderyn va feer chadjin ec y traa ren Belinskii, Khalatnikov, as Lifshitz y feddynys oc, er-yn-oyr dy vel yn eiyrtys cheddin er stoo faggys da singyltaght as ta er teayst ayns mesteyder lectragh.

Ayns cooish towl doo lughtit (Reissner–Nordström) ny çhyndaaee (Kerr), foddee dy vel y tingyltaght shaghnagh. Ta sheeyney ny feayslaghyn cha foddey as ta jantagh anchoodaghey jargaght heiltynagh raad ta çheet magh ass towl doo stiagh ayns spoar-hraa elley jargal as y towl doo gobbraghey myr towl beishteig. Ansherbee, she red sheiltynagh eh jargaght y troailt dys tuinney elley er-yn-oyr dy jinnagh boirrey erbee scryssey yn jargaght shen. S’cosoylagh chammah dy vel eh jargal dy eiyrt er cruillyn traaoil doont (filley er-ash dy dty hraa hene t’er n’gholl shaghey) mygeayrtt singyltaght Kerr, as eh stiurey dys feyshtyn bentyn rish y chooisheeaght gollrish sou-cheeall y çhennayr. Ansherbee, foddee dy vel loaghtaghyn çheusthie jeh’n towl doo, lheid as eiyrtyssyn yn ym-hayrn quantum ny bolgey glout, cur lhiettrimys er aase cruillyn traaoil doont.

Ta kiaddaghyn ennagh jeh’n ym-hayrn geearree feyshtyn çhaghnoil lesh y chonastaght chadjin dy eaysley gyn singyltaghtyn towl doo. Ny tuill ghoo heiltynagh shoh gyn singyltaghtyn, t’ad enmyssit tuill ghoo “reiltagh” ny “neuhingyltagh.” Myr sampleyr, ta kiaddey ny bluckanyn clooie, ta bunnit er sheiltynys streng, gra dy vel tuill ghoo jeant ass meegra-staydyn as nagh vel feme oc er singyltaght ny scell-linney haghyrt. Ta sheiltynys yn ym-hayrn quantum lhoobey treeal dy vel y chruillaght as y ghlooaght ec çheshvean towl doo mooar, agh nagh vel eh neuyerrinagh.

Crooaght

Ta duill ghoo er ny chroo lesh cohuittym ym-hayrnagh rollageyn gloutagh, rere cohuittym jeeragh ny car bleaystey yl-nova ayns loaghtey ta enmyssit “cooyl-huittym.” Foddee tuill ghoo çheet er y theihll rere covestey daa rollage naeearaneagh ny rollage naeearaneagh as towl doo. Ta obbrinaghtyn elley ny smoo sheiltynagh goaill stiagh tuill ghoo vunneydagh v’er ny chroo lesh kirkinyssyn glooaght ‘sy tuinney aeg, cohuittym rollageyn dorraghey, red sheiltynagh fo bree neunheeaghey stoo doo, ny veih stoo doo hene-eddyr-obbree sheiltynagh.

Cohuittym ym-hayrnagh

Ard-art: Co-huittym ym-hayrnagh

Bodjal gas t’er ny raipey lesh y town doo ec çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree (baghtyn veih ny bleeantyn 2006, 2010, as 2013 er nyn daishbyney ayns gorrym, eayney, as jiarg er lheh)

Ta cohuittym ym-hayrnagh taghyrtyn tra nagh vel dy liooar broo sthie red dy hassoo noi ym-hayrn y red hene. Ec jerrey seihll rollage, nee yn rollage jeeigeyraghey e chooid hiddragien dy cho-lheie, as nee eh co-lheie bunstooghyn ny smoo gloutagh, derrey t’eh çheet dys yiarn. Ta co-lheie bunstooghyn elley ny s’trimmey shirrey ny smoo bree na’n mooad vees er ny skeaylley magh, as, kyndagh rish shen, cha nel y rollage jargal dy yannoo co-lheie çheshveanagh. My vees y cree yiarn ro-ghloutagh, cha vees y rollage jargal dy chummal seose ish hene as nee eh goll trooid cohuittym ym-hayrnagh.

Foddee broo jeeghientynys co-oltyn y rollage cur lhiettrimys er y chohuittym as lhiggey da co-ghlooghey y stoo stiagh ayns stayd ny s’gloo. Veeys eh geiyrt er fer jeh ny sorçhyn eigsoylagh dy rollage hionn. Bee yn sorçh shen croghey er glout y remlad jeh’n rollage vunneydagh my vees ny bratyn er ny heebey ersooyl (myr sampleyr ayns yl-nova y II sorçh). Foddee glout y remlad, y red cohuittit ta tannaghtyn bio lurg y bleaystey, ve foddey ny sloo na glout y rollage vunneydagh. Remladyn ny s’yrjey na 5 M_☉, t’ad gientit lesh rollageyn va ny smoo na 20 M_☉ roish y chohuittym.

My vees glout y remlad ny smoo na mysh 3–4 M_☉ (cagliagh Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff), er-yn-oyr dy row yn rollage vunneydagh feer hrome ny kyndagh rish çhymsaghey glout brash trooid cruinnaghey stoo, cha vees broo jeeghientynys ny naeearaneyn dy liooar son dy chur lhiettrimys er y chohuittym. Cha nel obbrinaght erbee ayn (faagail magh broo jeeghientynys quarkyn, foddee) ta cha niartal as dy vel eh cur lhiettrimys er y stiagh-vleaystey as nee yn red cohuittym stiagh ersyn hene dy yannoo towl doo.

T’eh raait dy vel cohuittym ym-hayrnagh freggyrtagh rish crooaght tuill ghoo rollageagh. Foddee dy ren crooaght rollageyn ‘sy tuinney leah cur rish crooaght rollageyn feer ghloutagh, quoi, lurg y cohuittym oc, yinnagh tuill ghoo ghloutagh seose dys 10³ M_☉. Oddagh dy nee adsyn sheelyn ny tuill ghoo sur-ghloutagh ta ry-gheddyn ayns çheshveanyn y chooid smoo jeh co-rollageyssyn.. Chammah’s shen, t’eh er ny ve moyllit dy oddagh tuill ghoo ghloutagh ~10⁵ M_☉ er glout cadjin ve crooit lesh cohuittym jeeragh dy vodjalyn gas ‘sy tuinney aeg. Ta ny reddyn gloutagh shoh er ny ve treealit myr ny sheelyn chroo ny quasaryn leah t’er ny ve cronnit ec $z\sim 7$ er jiarg-arraghey. Ta yeearreyderyn ennagh er ny ve feddynit magh ayns baghtyn y tuinney aeg.

Choud’s ta’n chooid smoo jeh’n vree er ny vrooightey magh dy tappee car cohuittym ym-hayrnagh, cha nel baghtallagh fakin jerrey yn loaghtey shen. Ga dy vel y cohuittym taghyrtyn harrish mooad traa caglit veih fraamey ogheragh y stoo ta tuittym stiagh, yinnagh baghtallagh foddey voish fakin y stoo shen as eh moaldey as, fy yerrey, scuirrey kiart erskyn y scell-linney haghyrt kyndagh rish y lheanaghey traa ym-hayrnagh. Y çhayll da ymmyrkey yn toilshey veih’n stoo cohuittymagh dys y vaghtallagh, s’odjey as s’odjey t’eh, as ta cumrail traa neuyerrinagh ec y toilshey da ceaut magh jeeragh roish y scell-linney haghyrt; ‘syn ynnyd, t’eh jeeaghyn dy vel y stoo cohuittymagh çheet dy ve ny s’dullyr as ny smoo jiarg-arrit roish my vel eh er ny lhie ersooyl.

Tuill ghoo vunneydagh as y Bleaystey Mooar

Ta feme ec cohuittym ym-hayrnagh er ard-ghlooaght. ‘Syn amm roie jeh’n tuinney, cha nel ny h-ard-ghlooaghtyn shen ry-gheddyn agh ynrican ayns rollageyn; agh sy tuinney leah as tammylt beg lurg y Bleaystey Mooar, va ny glooaghtyn foddey ny smoo as foddee dy row eh lhiggey da crooaght tuill ghoo. Agh, cha nel yn ard-ghlooaght ny lomarcan dy liooar son crooaght towl doo er-yn-oyr nagh vel rheynn glout chorrym lhiggey da çhymsaghey yn ghlout. Gyn ourys va boirraghyn glooaght toshee lhig da crooaght tuill ghoo vunneydagh ayns lheid mean gloo oddagh aase fo’n ym-hayrn oc. Ny kiaddaghyn eigsoylagh t’ayn da’n tuinney aeg, t’ad anchasley veih my cheilley rere ny faaishnyssyn oc da scaailey ny boirraghyn shen. Ta kiaddaghyn eigsoylagh faaishnaghey crooaght tuill ghoo vunneydagh as ad anchasley er mooadys veih glout Planck ($m_{P}={\sqrt {\hbar c/G}}$ ≈ 1.2×10¹⁹ GeV/c² ≈ 2.2×10⁻⁸ kg) dys ny keeadyn as ny thousaneyn dy ghloutyn greiney.

Dyn y wooise da ard-ghlooaght y tuinney aeg, cha ren eh aa-chohuittym stiagh ayns towl doo car y Bleaystey Mooar er-yn-oyr dy row yn chormid vooadaghey ny smoo na’n cleayn. Geiyrt er y çheiltynys mooadaghey, ta’n chonastaght chadjin faaishnaghey dy vel y ream ym-hayrnagh moaldey mooadaghey yn tuinney. Ta’n broo jiooldagh geddyn barriaght er y vroo jarrooagh dy yannoo ream ym-hayrnagh aawoallee glen.

Ny kiaddaghyn da cohuittym ym-hayrnagh reddyn jeh beayn-vooadys coreiragh, lheid as rollageyn, cha nel ad cooie ‘syn aght cheddin da spoar ta mooadaghey dy tappee lheid as y Bleaystey Mooar.

Covuillaghyn ard-vreeoil

Rere sheiltynys, oddagh tuill ghoo v’er ny chroo ayns covuillaghyn floag ard-vreeoil ta roshtyn glooaght dy liooar. Roish 2002, cha row lheid taghyrt er ny ve cronnit, dy jeeragh ny dy neu-yeeragh myr lag-chormid glout ayns prowaltyssyn siyreyder floag. Cha vees myn-tuill ghoo crooit ayns ny covuillaghyn ta taghyrtyn tra ta scellyn tuinnagh bwoalley stiagh ayns aeraght y Dowan ny, foddee, ‘sy Cho-woalleyder Mooar Hadron ec CERN jargal dy hymsaghey glout brash. Ga dy vees crooaght myn-tuill ghoo jargal, t’eh jerkit dy jinnagh ad gaalaghey harrish 10⁻²⁵ thootçhey, gyn baggyrt da’n Dowan.

Aafilley

Aase

Yn-soylley daa howl doo ta co-vuilley

Tra ta towl doo er ny chroo, foddee eh tannaghtyn gaase lesh soo stiagh tooilley stoo. Nee towl doo erbee tannaghtyn soo stiagh gas as joan eddyr-rollageagh veih’n çhymmyltaght echey. Foddee dy nee ‘syn aght shen va tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ennagh er ny chroo, agh she ream ronsee foast foshlit ee crooaght tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh. Ta loaghtey cosoyllagh er ny ve treealit da crooaght tuill ghoo vean-ghloutagh ta ry-gheddyn ayns çhaglymyn bluckanagh. Foddee tuill ghoo covestey rish reddyn elley, lheid as rollageyn ny eer tuill ghoo elley. T’eh er credjal dy row yn aght shen scanshoil, ayns aase leah ny tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh er lheh, oddagh v’er ny chroo lesh çhymsaghey ram reddyn elley ny sloo. Ta’n loaghtey shen er ny ve treealit myr bun tuill ghoo vean-ghloutagh ennagh.

Gaalaghey

Ard-art: Goulraght Hawking

‘Sy vlein 1974, ren Hawking faaishnaghey nagh vel tuill ghoo slane doo, agh dy vel ad ceau bolgymyn beggey dy ghoulraght hermagh ec ħc³/(8πGMk_B) er çhiassid; ta’n eiyrtys shen er ny ve enmyssit goulraght Hawking. Ren eh ymmyd jeh sheiltynys ream quantum rish cooylrey towl doo neughleashagh as chronnee eh dy lhisagh towl doo ceau magh floagyn ta taishbyney slane spectrum doo-chorpane. Veih’n toilshaghey magh ec Hawking, ta ram sleih elley er ny yarrooaghey as ny eeraghey yn eiyrtys shen lesh saaseyn eigsoylagh. My vel y kiart ec y çheiltynys goulraght towl doo lesh Hawking, t’eh jerkit dy vees ny tuill ghoo er ny leodaghey as ny ghaalaghey as ad coayl glout lesh brooightey photonyn as floagyn elley. Ta çhiassid y spectrum çhermagh shen (çhiassid Hawking) ayns coreir rish ym-hayrn eaghtyragh y towl doo, as, da towl doo Schwarzschild, ayns coreir contraartagh rish y ghlout. Myr shen, ta tuill ghoo vooarey broightey magh ny sloo goulraght na tuill ghoo veggey.

Ta çhiassid Hawking 62 nanokelvin ec towl doo rollageagh er 1 M_☉. Ta shoh foddey ny sloo na’n 2.7 K ta myr çhiassid goulraght y chooylrey meegra-honn tuinnagh. Ta tuill ghoo rollageagh, ny tuill ghoo ny smoo, geddyn ny smoo glout veih’n chooylrey meegra-honn tuinnagh na t’ad ceau magh lesh goulraght Hawking as, myr shen, nee ad aase ayns ynnyd leodaghey. Lhisagh towl doo ve cha gloutagh as yn Eayst son çhiassid Hawking ny s’yrjey 2.7 K dy ve echey (as eh jargal dy ghaalaghey). Veagh lheid towl doo ny sloo na jeihoo dy villimeadar er crantessen.

My vees towl doo feer veg, t’eh jerkit dy vees eiyrtyssyn y ghoulraght feer niartal. Veagh towl doo cha gloutagh as gleashtan 10⁻²⁴ m er crantessen, veagh eh er ny ghaalaghey ayns nanothootçhey, as veagh lossanaght echey 200 keayrt ny smoo na lossanaght ny Greiney. T’eh jerkit dy vees tuill ghoo beg-ghloutagh er ny ghaalaghey ny s’tappee; myr sampleyr, veagh towl doo 1 TeV/c² er glout er ny ghaalaghey ayns ny sloo 10⁻⁸⁸ thootçhey. Da lheid towl doo beg, t’eh jerkit dy vees currym scanshoil ec eiyrtyssyn ym-hayrn quantum as foddee ad jannoo yn towl doo shickyr, ga nagh vel lhiasaghyn roie ‘syn ym-hayrn quantum taishbyney eh shen.

T’eh faaishnit dy vees goulraght Hawking da towl doo fishigagh rollageagh feer annoonagh as, myr shen, veagh eh doillee dy chronnaghey eh veih’n Dowan. Foddee dy nee lhimmey eh yn bleaystey dy scellyn gamma t’er brooightey magh ‘sy cheim yerree jeh gaalaghey tuill ghoo vunneydagh. Derrey shoh, cha nel rah ain lesh ny ronsaghyn ta jeant ain da lheid çhentyn as t’eh cur cagliee er jargaght tuill ghoo vunneydagh veg-ghloutagh. Ta’n fodreayrtan spoar Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope lesh NASA, v’er ny launshey ‘sy vlein 2008, ronsaghey magh ny çhentyn shen.

My vel tuill ghoo gaalaghey lesh goulraght Hawking, lhisagh towl doo jeh glout greiney gaalaghey (goaill toshiaght rish tuittym çhiassid y chooylrey meegra-honn tuinnagh ny sloo na’n towl doo) yns shayll 10⁶⁴ bleeaney. Nee towl doo sur-ghloutagh 10¹¹ M_☉ er glout gaalaghey ayns mysh 2×10¹⁰⁰ bleeaney. Car cohuittym sur-haglym dy rollageyssyn, t’eh faaishnit dy jinnagh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh gaase seose dys 10¹⁴ M_☉. Eer adsyn, veagh ad er ny ghaalaghey ayns shayll dys 10¹⁰⁶ bleeaney.

Feanish baghtal

T’eh jerkit dy vel millioonyn dy huill ghoo ayns Raad Mooar Gorree mysh 30 glout greiney er glout as ad çheet magh as cohuittymyn rollageagh. Lhisagh ny keeadyn ve eer ayns co-rollageys crivassanagh lheid as y Dragane. Ansherbee, cha nel agh kuse veg jeu er ny ve cronnit. Rere dooghys, cha nel tuill ghoo hene cur magh goulraght lectro-vagnaidagh erbee goaill magh goulraght heiltynagh Hawking as, kyndagh rish shen, lhisagh fishigee rollageagh shirrey tuill ghoo lesh baghtyn neu-yeeragh.

Tessen-veadraght yeeragh

Reayrt er y towl doo sur-ghloutagh M87* ayns soilshey poullit

Sagittarius A*, y towl too sur-ghloutagh ayns çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree

She claare bio eh yn Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) ta cronnaghey yn çhymmyltaght yeeragh jeh scell-linnaghyn taghyrt tuill ghoo, lheid as y towl doo ec çheshvean Raad Moor Gorree. Ayns Averil 2017, ghow yn EHT toshiaght rish cronnaghey yn towl doo ec çheshvean Messier 87. Ren hoght reayrtlann radio er shey slieau as kiare mooar-rheynn cronnaghey yn co-rollageys ‘sy Voidyn nish as reesht feie 10 laa ayns Averil 2017 dy chiarail ny fysseree ren croo yn jalloo ayns Averil 2019.

Lurg daa vlein dy cho-earrooaght fysseree, skeayl yn EHT magh e chied jalloo jeh towl doo, ec çheshvean y cho-rollageys Messier 87. Ny ta r-akin, cha nee eshyn y towl doo—ta taishbynit ayns daa doo kyndagh rish coayl dagh soilshey çheusthie jeh’n ard dorraghey shen. Ansherbee, she she yn jysk cruinnee ta çhemmal rish y scell-linney haghyrt, as ta soilshit magh ‘sy jalloo ayns daaghyn oranje-vuigh ny jiarg, ta soilshaghey yn towl doo.

Er 12 Boaldyn 2022, ren yn EHT skeaylley magh y chied jalloo jeh Sagittarius A*, y towl doo sur-ghloutagh ta ny lhie ec çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree. Haishbyn y jalloo soilshit y strughtoor fainagh cheddin as y “scaa” cheddin v’er ny haishbyney ayns jalloo yn towl doo M87*. Ta cagliagh y scaa ny yn ard nagh vel cha gial piyral rish ny cruinleeyn photon ta lensit lesh yn ym-hayrn. Va’n jalloo jeant lesh ny çhagnyssyn cheddin as va ymmydit da’n towl doo ayns M87. Va co-earrooaght jallooaghey da Sagittarius A*, ta thousane keayrtyn ny sloo gloutagh na M87*, foddey ny smoo cast kyndagh rish neuhassooaght y çhymyltaght echey. Va jalloo Sagittarius A* lieh-chayeeagh lesh plasmey boiraneagh eddyr eh as y Dowan, eiyrtys ta cur lhiettrimys er cruinnys y jalloo er tonn-lhiuridyn ny s’lhiurey.

T’eh credjit dy nee goulley Doppler, raad ta stoo ta goll ayns troa yn vaghtallagh ec bieauidyn conastaghtoil er ny chronnaghey ny s’gilley na’n stoo ta goll ersooyl, cooish lesh giallaghey yn stoo ‘sy lieh heese jeh’n jalloo EHT co-earrooit. Ayns cooish towl doo, ta’n henomenon shoh keeayllaghey dy vel y stoo fakinagh çhyndaa ec bieauidyn conastaghtoil (>1,000 km/s [2,200,000 mph]), yn ynrican bieauid raad t’eh jargal cleayn ym-hayrnagh feer vooar y towl doo dy chormaghey mean-shaghnagh as, lesh shen, dy hannaghtyn ayns cruinlagh erskyn y scell-linney haghyrt. Ren y reaghey shoh dy stoo gial taishbyney dy ren yn EHT cronnaghey M87* as y jysk cruinnee echey çhyndaa lesh y chlag.

Towl doo M87* as e skioot conastaghtoil echey

‘Sy vlein 2015, chronnee yn EHT reamyn magnaidagh kiart çheumooie jeh scell-linney haghyrt Sagittarius A* as phrow eh fir jeh ny troyn oc. She slane mestey jeh linnaghyn ream reaghit as fud y cheilley adsyn ta roie trooid y jysk cruinnee. Roish shen, va studeyryssyn sheiltynagh er tuill ghoo er faaishnaghey faare reamyn magnaidagh.

Ayns Averil 2023, va jalloo scaa yn towl doo ayns Messier 87 as y skioot ard-vreeoil mooinjeragh ry-akin ry-cheilley da’n chied cheayrt er ny skeaylley magh.

Cronnaghey tonnyn ym-hayrnagh veih tuill ghoo ta covestey

Towshan LIGO jeh ny tonnyn ym-hayrnagh ec cronneyderyn Livingston (er yesh) as Hanford (er chlee), ayns cosoyllaght rish ny leaghyn faaishnit sheiltynagh

Er 14 Mean Fouyir 2015, ren y reayrtlann tonn ym-hayrnagh LIGO y chied vaght jeeragh rahoil jeh tonnyn ym-hayrnagh. Va’n cowrey cohassooagh rish ny faaishnyssyn sheiltynagh da tonnyn ym-hayrnagh gientit lesh covestey daa howl doo: fer as mysh 36 glout greiney echey as fer elley as mysh 29 glout greiney echey. Ta’n baght shoh kiarail y feanish smoo shickyr da beays tuill ghoo derrey nish. Myr sampleyr, ta cowrey ny tonnyn ym-hayrnagh coyrlaghey nagh row agh 350 km (220 mi) eddyr y daa red roish y chovestey, ny mysh kiare keayrt ny smoo na craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild ta coreggyrt rish ny gloutyn infearit. Myr shen, lhisagh ny reddyn ve feer hionn, faagail tuill ghoo myr y soilshaghey smoo so-chredjallagh.

Ny smoo scanshoil, y cowrey v’er ny chronnaghey lesh LIGO, ghow eh stiagh toshiaght y woalley-sheese eear-chovestagh, y cowrey ta gientit tra ta’n red çhionn noa-chummit goll ny lhie dys stayd ny hassoo. Rere arganeys, ta’n bwoalley-sheese coontit myr yn aght smoo jeeragh dy chronnaghey towl doo. Veih cowrey LIGO, t’eh jargal dy hayrn magh menkid as traa mooghee yn ard-vod jeh’n woalley-sheese. Vouesyn, t’eh jargal glout as momentum uillinagh y red jerree dy infearaghey as ad piyral rish faaishnyssyn seyrey veih yn-soyllaghyn earrooagh y chovestey. Ta menkid as traa fioghys yn ard-vod er nyn gronnaghey lesh towse-oaylleeaght y sfeyr photon. Myr shen, ta baght y vod shen shickyraghey beays sfeyr photon; ansherbee, cha nel eh jargal dy ghoaill magh caghlaayssyn andooghyssagh ayns ynnyd tuill ghoo ta cha çhionn as dy vel sfeyr photon oc.

Chammah’s shen, ta’n baght kiarail y chied eanish baghtagh da beays tuill ghoo rollageagh yeesoil. Harrish shen, t’eh kiarail y chied eanish baghtagh da tuill ghoo rollageagh ta 25 glout greiney ny ny smoo er glout.

Veih shen, shymmey taghyrt tonn ym-hayrnagh t’er ny ve baghtit.

Rollageyn ta cruinlaghey Sagittarius A*

Ard-art: Çhaglym Sagittarius A*

Rollageyn çhyndaa mygeayrt Sagittarius A* myr va ry-akin ‘sy vlein 2021

Ta kiart-ghleashaght ny rollageyn faggys da çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree kiarail feanish baghtagh niartal dy vel ny rollageyn shen cruinlaghey towl doo sur-ghloutagh. Veih’n vlein 1995, ta rollageyderyn er nyn eiyrt gleashaghtyn 90 rollage ta cruinlaghey red neuakinagh ta coreggyrtagh rish y voir radio Sagittarius A*. As ad towshanaghey ny gleashaghtyn oc rish cruinleeyn Keplerianagh, va rollageyderyn jargal dy infearaghey, ‘sy vlein 1998, dy lhisagh red 2.6×10⁶ M_☉ er glout ve cummit stiagh ayns thummid 0.02 sollys-vlein er craue raadeeoil chur rish gleashaghtyn ny rollageyn shen.

Veih shen, ta nane jeh ny rollageyn shen—ta enmyssit S2—er ny ghoaill jerrey rish slane cruinlagh. Veih ny fysseree chruinlagh, dod ny rollageyderyn aaghlenney earrooaghtyn y ghlout dys 4.3×10⁶ M_☉ as earrooaghtyn y chraue raadeeoil dys ny sloo na 0.002 sollys-vlein da’n red s’cooish lesh gleashaght chruinlagh ny rollageyn shen. Y cagliagh s’yrjey da mooadys y red, t’eh foast ro-vooar son dy phrowal vel eh ny sloo na craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild. Ny yey shen as ooilley, ta ny baghtyn shen coyrlaghey dy nee towl doo sur-ghloutagh eh yn red meanagh er-yn-oyr nagh vel craue skeeal so-chredjallagh elley ayn cagliaghey lheid glout neuakinagh stiagh ayns thummid cha beg. Chammah’s shen, ta feanish baghtagh ayn ta coyrlaghey oddagh scell-linney haghyrt ve ec y red shen, tro nagh vel ry-gheddyn ec red erbee elley faagail magh tuill ghoo.

‘Sy vlein 2020, va lieh-ayrn Aundyr Nobel ayns Fishig bronnit er Andrea Ghez as Reinhard Genzel da’n eddynys oc dy nee towl doo sur-ghloutagh ta Sagittarius A*.

Cruinnaghey stoo

Kayaghey scellyn-X faggys da towl doo (NuSTAR; 12 Luanistyn 2014)

Tra ta towl doo cruinnaghey stoo, ta’n gas ‘sy jysk cruinnee sthie cruinlaghey er bieauidyn feer happee kyndagh rish y niessid echey da’n towl doo. Ta’n screebey cha breeoil as dy vel eh çhiow yn jysk sthie dys çhiassidyn cha ard as dy vel mooadyn buillvollee jeh goulraght lectro-vagnaidagh (scellyn-X er y chooid smoo) er ny cheau magh. Foddee ny moiryn scell-X shen ve cronnit lesh fodreayrtanyn. Roish my vel stoo yn jysk er ny roshtyn yn ISCO, vees mooad feer vooar dy vree ceaut magh – mysh 0.057mc² da towl doo neu-hyndaaee ny 0.42mc² da towl doo bieau-hyndaaee. Y chooid smoo jeh’n vree shen (mysh 90%), t’eh er ny skeaylley magh ayns ard resoonagh beg, çheusthie jeh ard 20 keayrt ny smoo na’n craue raadeeoil ym-hayrnagh veih çheshvean y towl doo. Ayns cooishyn ennagh, ta jyskyn cruinnee ry-gheddyn laue ry laue rish skiootyn conastaghtoil t’er ny vrooightey magh liorish ny puill as ad gymmyrkey cooid vooar jeh’n vree ersooyl. Cha nel yn obbrinaght da crooaght ny skiootyn shen mie toiggit foast er-yn-oyr nagh vel dy liooar fysseree ayn.

Myr shen, shymmey phenomenon breeoil y tuinney t’er ny chur gys lieh cruinnaghey stoo er tuill ghoo. Myr sampleyr, t’eh credjit dy nee jyskyn cruinnee lesh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ad çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio as quasaryn. Cosoyllagh rish shen, t’eh credjit er y chooid smoo dy nee coryssyn rollageyn jeesoil ad coryssyn scell-X jeesoil raad ta fer jeh’n daa rollage ny red çhionn ta cruinnaghey stoo veih’n chumraag echey. Chammah’s shen, t’eh er ny ve moyllit dy vel eh jargal dy nee jyskyn cruinnee lesh tuill ghoo vean-ghloutagh ad moiryn scell-X erskyn-lossanagh ennagh.

Ta rollageyderyn er cronnaghey rollageyn t’er ny ve raipit lesh forsaghyn tidee ‘sy naboonys jeeragh dy huill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ayns çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh ayns taghyrtyn ta enmyssit taghyrt boirree tidee (TDE). Ta cooid jeh’n stoo veih’n rollage boirrit croo jysk cruinnee mygeayrt y towl doo ta brooightey goulraght lectro-vagnaidagh cronnalagh.

Ayns Mee Houney 2011, va’n chied vaght jeh jysk cruinnee quasar mygeayrt towl doo sur-ghloutagh fogrit magh.

Rollageyn scell-X jeesoil

Jalloo lesh Reayrtlann Scell-X Chandra er Cygnus X-1, y chied yeearreyder towl doo liklee va feddynit magh

Coryssyn scell-X jeesoil, she coryssyn rollageagh jeesoil t’ad ta ceau magh y chooid smoo jeh’n ghoulraght oc ‘sy lieh scell-X jeh’n spectrum. T’eh credjit dy vel ny brooightaghyn scell-X shoh taghyrtyn tra ta fer jeh ny rollageyn (y red çhionn) cruinnaghey stoo veih’n rollage (y red cadjin) elley. Ta beays rollage chadjin ayns lheid coryssyn kiarail caa da studeyryssyn y red meanagh as dy chronnaghey nee towl doo t’eh ny dyn.

My vees lheid corys brooightey cowraghyn oddagh ve er eiyrt er-ash dys y red çhionn, cha nee towl doo vees eh. Ansherbee, cha nel assaaraght lheid cowrey faagail magh y jargaght dy nee rollage naeearaneagh ta’n red çhionn. Lesh studeyryssyn y cho-rollage s’mennick t’eh jargal dy gheddyn ny parameadaryn cruinlagh jeh’n chorys as dy gheddyn ooley da glout y red çhionn. My vees eh foddey ny smoo na cagliagh Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (y glout s’yrjey oddagh ve ec rollage roish my vees eh cohuittym er eshyn hene) cha noddagh y red ve ny rollage naeearaneagh as t’eh jerkit dy vees eh ny howl doo.

Y chied yeearreyder liklee da towl doo, Cygnus X-1, v’eh feddynit magh ‘syn aght shoh lesh Charles Thomas Bolton, Louise Webster, as Paul Murdin ‘sy vlein 1972.

Jiu, ta yeearreyderyn ny share da tuill ghoo ry-gheddyn mastey rang dy choryssyn scell-X jeesoil ta enmyssit shallidee scell-X vog. ‘Sy rang corys shoh, ta’n cho-rollage injil er glout ayns coreir rish y red elley ‘sy chorys; t’eh lhiggey da oolaghyn glout y towl doo ny s’cruinn. Ta ny coryssyn shen brooightey scellyn-X bio feie shiartanse dy veeghyn foddee keayrt dagh 10–50 bleeaney. Car yn earish shen dy vrooightaghyn scell-X injil, ta enmyssit taauid, s’baiht ta’n jysk cruinnee as t’eh shen lhiggey da baght cruinn jeh’n cho-rollage car yn earish shen. Ta V404 Cygni coontit mastey ny yeearreyderyn shen.

Leaystaghyn lieh-earishagh

Ard-art: Leaystey lieh-earishagh

Keayrtyn, ta brooightaghyn scell-X veih jyskyn cruinnee meekey er menkidyn er lheh. Ta ny cowraghyn shen enmyssit leaystaghyn lieh-earishagh as t’eh er credjal dy vel ad çheet ass stoo ta gleashaghey liorish yn oirr sthie jeh’n jysk cruinnee (y cruinlagh kiarkylagh shickyr sthie, ny ISCO). Kyndagh rish shen, ta’n menkid oc kianglt rish glout y red çhionn. Myr shen, foddee ad ve ymmydit myr aght caghlaaee dy chronnaghey glout ny tuill ghoo yeearree.

Çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh

Cronnaghey lossan scell-X feer ghial veih Sagittarius A*, towl doo ayns çheshvean Raad Mooar Gorree er 5 Jerrey Geuree 2015

Ta rollageyderyn gymmydey yn çhiarrym “co-rollageys bio” dy hoilshaghey co-rollageyssyn as troyn quaagh oc, lheid as brooightaghyn linney spectragh quaagh as brooightaghyn radio feer niartal. Ny studeyryssyn sheiltynagh as baghtagh t’er ny haishbyney ny keimyn ard dy vioyrid, ardjyn ta enmyssit çheshveanyn co-rollageyssagh bio (AGN) foddee dy vel ad meenit lesh faare tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh millioonyn dy cheayrtyn ny smoo gloutagh na tuill ghoo rollageagh. Ta ny kiaddaghyn AGN shoh cummal towl doo meanagh oddagh ve ny millioonyn ny ny billoonyn dy cheayrtyn ny smoo gloutagh na’n Ghrian ain; jysk dy ghas as joan eddyr-rollageagh ta enmyssit jysk cruinnee; as daa skioot kern-jeeragh rish y jysk cruinnee.

Ga dy vel eh jerkit dy vel tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh ry-gheddyn ‘sy chooid smoo jeh AGN, cha nel studeyryssyn er ny ve jeant agh er kuse veg dy heshveanyn co-rollageyssagh as rollageyderyn jannoo eab dy enmyssey as dy howshan gloutyn rieugh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh veanagh yeearree. Fir jeh ny co-rollageyssyn smoo ard-ghooagh as tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh yeearree oc, t’ad goaill stiagh Co-rollageys y Ven Gheulit, M32, M87, NGC 3115, NGC 3377, NGC 4258, NGC 4889, NGC 1277, OJ 287, APM 08279+5255, as y Co-rollageys Sombrero.

Nish, ta soiagh jeant dy vel mean begnagh dagh co-rollageys, co-rollageyssyn bio as co-rollageyssyn elley, cummal towl doo sur-ghloutagh. Ta co-cheintys baghtagh çhionn eddyr glout y towl shoh as y scaalhean bieauid-jeerit jeh boogh y cho-rollageys, ta enmyssit y mooinjerys M–sigma, cur sannish da kiangley eddyr crooaght y towl doo as crooaght y cho-rollageys hene.

Meegra-lensaghey

Foddee dooghys towl doo jeh red ve er ny phrowal trooid baghtal jeh ny h-eiyrtyssyn ta jeant lesh ream ym-hayrnagh niartal ‘sy çhymmyltaght oc. Ta’n lensaghey ym-hayrnagh coontit mastey ny h-eiyrtyssyn shen. Ta mee-chummey yn spoar-hraa mygeayrt red gloutagh cur rish aawoalley ny çhyndaa scellyn soilshey, gollrish soilshey ta goll trooid lensey shilleydagh. Ta baghtyn er ny ve jeant er lensaghey ym-hayrnagh annoonagh, raad nagh vel ny scellyn soilshey er ny hyndaa agh er reggyryn dy arcthootçhaghyn. Ta meegra-lensaghey taghyrtyn mannagh vel ny moiryn cruinn as my ta’n baghtallagh fakin giallaghey beg. ‘Syn aght shoh, haghyr cronnaghey yn chied tree tuill ghoo yeearree ec cassey yn villey bleeaney shoh, as ayns Jerrey Geuree 2022, ren rollageyderyn fogrey magh y chied chronnaghey jeh taghyrt meegra-lensaghey veih towl doo anerit.

She jargaght elley da cronnaghey lensaghey ym-hayrnagh y baghtal jeh rollageyn as ad cruinlaghey towl doo. Ta yeearreyderyn ennagh ayn da lheid cronnaghey ta cruinlaghey Sagittarius A*.

Caghlaayssyn

Ga dy vel cooish as bun mie ayn da tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh, ta’n kiaddey da tuill ghoo rollageagh croghit er beays cagliagh s’yrjey da glout rollageyn naeearaneagh: reddyn t’er ny ve cronnit, t’ad gra dy nee tuill ghoo t’ad, eer gyn feanish kinjagh. Ansherbee, cha nel troyn stoo gloo mie toiggit. Oddagh paaseyn stoo andooghyssagh noa lhiggey da sorçhyn elley dy reddyn gloutagh. Foddee paase dy wharkyn ec ard-ghlooaght lhiggey da beays rollageyn quark gloo, as ta kiaddaghyn sur-himmeadragh ennagh faaishnaghey beays rollageyn Q. Ta sheeyntaghtyn ennagh jeh’n Chiaddey Stundayrtagh treeal beays preonyn myr blick hroggee vunneydagh quarkyn as leptonyn, oddagh croo rollageyn preon dy sheiltynagh. Oddagh ny kiaddaghyn sheiltynit shen ceau soilshey er shiartanse dy vaghtyn dy huill ghoo rollageagh yeearree. Ansherbee, foddee eh ve taishbynit veih resoonaghtyn ‘sy chonastaght chadjin dy vees glout s’yrjey ec lheid red.

Er-yn-oyr dy vel glooaght y towl doo çheusthie jeh craue raadeeoil Schwarzschild echey ayns coreir contraartagh rish e ghlout er ny vishaghey lesh hene, ta tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh foddey ny sloo gloo na tuill ghoo rollageagh. Ta glooaght veanagh towl doo 10⁸ M_☉ er glout cosoyllagh rish glooaght ushtey. Myr shen, ta shin toiggal fishig y stoo ta croo towl doo sur-gloutagh ny share as s’dree ta ny soilsheydyssyn caghlaaee jargal da baghtyn jeh tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh. Myr sampleyr, oddagh towl doo sur-ghloutagh ve er ny chiaddey lesh çhaglym mooar dy reddyn feer ghorraghey. Ansherbee, cha nel lheid caghlaayssyn cha shickyr as dy vel ad soilshaghey tuill ghoo hur-ghloutagh yeearree.

Ta shiartanse dy reddyn sheiltynagh er ny ve piyrit rish baghtyn dy huill ghoo rollageydagh yeearree dy jarroo ny begnagh dy jarroo, agh ta gobbraghey lesh obbrinaght elley. T’ad goaill stiagh y gravastar, y rollage ghoo, y nestar mooinjeragh, as y rollage vree dorraghey.

Feyshtyn foshlit

Entropaght as çhiass-niartallaght

Brash fysseree: Çhiass-niartallaght towl doo as Cagliagh Bekenstein

S = 1/4 c³k/Għ A

Y formley da entropaght Bekenstein–Hawking (S) jeh towl doo, ta croghey er eaghtyr y towl doo (A). Ny beayn-earrooyn, t’ad goaill stiagh bieauid hollys (c), beayn-earroo Boltzmann (k), beayn-earroo Newton (G), as beayn-earroo leodit Planck (ħ). Ayns unnidyn Planck, t’eh er ny leodaghey dys S = A/4.

‘Sy vlein 1971, haishbyn Hawking fo foaynooyn cadjin nagh voddagh slane eaghtyr ny scell-linnaghyn taghyrt ayns çhaglym erbee dy huill ghoo leodaghey, eer my jinnagh ad covuilley as covestey. Yn eiyrtys shen, ta enmyssit y nah leigh jeh’n obbrinaght towl doo, t’eh feer chosoyllagh rish nah leigh y çhiass-niartallaght, ta gra nagh vod slane entropaght ayns corys anerit dy leodaghey. Cosoyllagh rish reddyn classicagh ec neunhee absaloidagh, v’eh raait dy row neunhee entropaght ec tuill ghoo. My row eh shen feer, veagh y nah leigh jeh’n çhiass-niartallaght er ny vrishey lesh stoo lane lesh entropaght goll stiagh ‘sy towl doo as cur rish leodaghey slane entropaght y tuinney. Kyndagh rish shen, ren Bekenstein treeal dy lhisagh entropaght ve ec towl doo as dy lhisagh eh ve ayns coreir rish eaghtyr y scell-linney echey.

Hie yn kiangley rish leighyn y çhiass-niartallaght er ny niartaghey lesh yn eddynys lesh Hawking ‘sy vlein 1974 dy row sheiltynys ream quantum faaishnaghey dy vel towl doo goulraghey goulraght chorpane doo er beayn-çhiassid. T’eh jeeaghyn dy vel eh shen cur rish brishey yn nah leigh jeh obbrinaght towl doo, er-yn-oyr dy nee yn ghoulraght gymmyrkey bree ersooyl veih’n towl doo as cur rish e leodaghey. Ta’n ghoulraght gymmyrkey entropaght ersooyl chammah, as foddee eh dy phrowal fo treealtyssyn cadjin dy vel sym entropaght y stoo mygeayrt towl doo as un chiarroo jeh eaghtyr y scell-linney myr ta towshit ayns unnidyn Planck mooadaghey dy beayn. T’eh shoh lhiggey da formlaghey yn chied leigh jeh obbrinaght towl doo myr cosoyllaght rish y chied leigh jeh’n çhiass-niartallaght, raad ta glout ny hassoo ayns ynnyd bree, yn ym-hayrn eaghtyragh myr çhiassid, as yn eaghtyr myr entropaght.

Ansherbee, ta boirrey ayn ‘sy tro raad ta entropaght towl doo scaailey rish yn eaghtyr echey ayns ynnyd e hummid, er-yn-oyr er lheh dy nee mooadys eckstensagh t’eh dy cadjin ta scaailey dy linnagh rish thummid y chorys. Chur y tro quaagh shen Gerard 't Hooft as Leonard Susskind rish treealtys y phrinsabyl holografagh. Rere y prinsabyl shoh, red erbee ta taghyrtyn ayns thummid dy spoar-hraa, oddagh eh ve soilshit lesh fysseree er cagliagh y thummid shen.

Ga dy vel eh jargal y chonastaght chadjin y ymmydey dy yannoo co-earroo lieh-chlassicagh jeh entropaght towl doo, cha nel y soiaghey shoh cooilleenagh dy sheiltynagh. ‘Syn obbrinaght staddyssaghtoil, ta’n entropaght toiggit myr coontey earroo ny reaghyn mynreayrtagh ayns corys as ny qualleeaghtyn mooar-reayrtagh cheddin oc, lheid as glout, lughtey, as broo. Gyn sheiltynys cooilleenagh jeh’n ym-hayrn quantum, cha nod lheid co-earroo da tuill ghoo dy yannoo. Ta lhiasaghey ennagh er ny ve jeant ayns saaseyn eigsoylagh da’n ym-hayrn quantum. ‘Sy vlein 1995, haishbyn Andrew Strominger as Cumrun Vafa dy nee co-earroo meegra-staydyn towl doo sur-himmeadragh er lheh ‘sy çheiltynys streng aaghientyn entropaght Bekenstein–Hawking. Veih’n cho-earroo shen, ta eiyrtyssyn cosoyllagh er ny ve fogrit magh da tuill ghoo elley ‘sy çheiltynys streng as ayns saaseyn elley da’n ym-hayrn quantum lheid as ym-hayrn quantum lhoob.

Sou-cheeall coayl fysseree

Ard-art: Sou-cheeall fysseree towl doo

Feysht neufeayslit ayns fishig

Vel fysseree ishigagh er coayl ayns tuill ghoo?

Brash feyshtyn neufeayslit ayns fishig

Coardail rish y çhoarym gyn gruag, as er-yn-oyr nagh vel agh kuse veg dy pharameadaryn sthie ec tuill ghoo, ta’n chooid smoo jeh ny fysseree bentyn rish y stoo hie stiagh ayns crooaght y towl doo er coayl. Gyn scansh da’n torçh dy stoo ta goll stiagh ayns towl doo, t’eh jeeaghyn nagh vel freilt agh fysseree bentyn rish slane glout, lughtey, as momentum uillinagh. Tra v’eh er credjal dy row tuill ghoo farraghtyn er son dy bragh, cha row feysht ny crampys ayn bentyn rish y choayl fysseree, myr v’eh credjit dy row ny fysseree farraghtyn çheusthie jeh’n towl doo, neuroshtynagh veih’n theihll mooie, agh er ny hoylley er y scell-linney haghyrt ayns coreiraght rish y phrinsabyl holografagh. Ansherbee, ta tuill ghoo gaalaghey lesh brooightey goulraght Hawking. Cha nel y ghoulraght shoh gymmyrkey brash fysseree, s’liklee, bentyn rish y stoo chroo yn towl doo; t’eh meenaghey dy vel ny fysseree shen er coayl son dy bragh.

Ta’n feysht bentyn rish coayl fysseree ny dyn ayns tuill ghoo (y tou-cheeall fysseree towl doo) er ny rheynn magh boodeeys ny fishigee heiltynagh. ‘Syn obbrinaght quntum, ta coayl fysseree coreggyrt rish brish tro ta enmyssit unnaneaghtaght, as t’eh er ny ve resoonit dy jinnagh coayl unnaneaghtaght keeayllaghey brishey freayltys bree chammah, ga dy vel ourys ayn ec fishigee elley bentyn rish. Harrish ny bleeantyn jerree, ta feanish er ny hroggal dy vel fysseree as unnaneaghtaght freilt ayns slane dellal ym-hayrnagh quantum da’n eysht.

Ta co-reggyrtaght towl doo çheet er un eab dy eaysley souch-cheeall fysseree towl doo. ‘Sy vlein 2012, va’n "sou-cheeall boalley aile" currit stiagh son dy haishbyney dy vel co-reggyrtaght towl doo failleil dy eaysley yn tou-cheeall fysseree. Coardail rish sheiltynys ream quantum ayns spoar-hraa cruillagh, ta un vrooightey dy ghoulraght Hawking goaill stiagh daa loag cho-hranglit. Abbyr dy row towl doo er ny chroo traa caglit ‘sy traa t’er n’gholl shaghey as dy vees eh er ny ghaalaghey traa caglit ‘sy traa ta ry-heet; nee eh brooightey magh fysseree choadit chaglit çheusthie jeh goulraght Hawking echey. Coardail rish ronaght lesh fishigee lheid as Don Page as Leonard Susskind, bee traa ayn roish my vees floag magh er ny hranglym rish dagh fer jeh goulraght Hawking t’er ny ve brooightit magh hannah hene.

T’eh jeeaghyn dy vel shoh croo sou-cheeal: ta’n prinsabyl ta enmyssit “uncheillaghys thraglym” geignaghey, gollrish corys elley erbee, nagh vel floag magh lowit dy ve slane thranglit rish daa chorys elley ec y traa cheddin; agh, t’eh jeeaghyn dy vel y loag magh shen thranglit rish y loag stiagh as, dy seyr, rish goulraght Hawking hie shaghey. Son dy easley yn contraartys shen, shegin da fishigee, foddee, fer jeh’n tree prinsabyl prowit dy cheau ass nyn ging oc: prinsabyl co-hrimmid Einstein, unnaneaghtaght, ny sheiltynys ream quantum ynnydagh. Ta feaysley jantagh ayn, ta brishey prinsabyl y cho-hrimmid, ta gra dy vel “boalley aile” ayn ta scryssey floagyn stiagh ec y scell-linney haghyrt. Dy cadjin, s’doillee dy ghraa quoi jeu—my vees fer ayn—lhisagh ve er ny hreigeil as t’eh foast coontit myr bun-chooish resoonaght.

Ayns far-skeealaght sheanse

Ard-art: Tuill ghoo ayns far-skeealaght

Ta’n fillym far-skeealaght heanse Interstellar lesh Christopher Nolan veih’n vlein 2014 taishbyney towl doo ta enmyssit Gargantua, y red meanagh ayns corys planaidagh ayns co-rollageys foddey voin. Ren y sheelnaue roshtyn y corys shoh trooid towl beishteig ayns Corys ny Greiney mooie, faggys da Sarn.

Jeeagh er neesht

• Black Hole Initiative
• Blanaid
• Brane doo ny streng doo
• Cah Susskind–Hawking
• Corys jeesoil airhey
• Kugelblitz (fishig rollageagh)
• Rollage ghorraghey (stoo dorraghey)
• Rollage Planck
• Rolley tuill ghoo
• Rolley ny tuill ghoo s'niessey
• Saagh spoar towl doo
• Towl bane
• Towl doo BTZ
• Towl doo sheiltynagh (reddaghey)
• Towl doo sonnagh
• Towl doo soyllee
• Traa-linney fishig ny tuill ghoo
• Tuill ghoo ayns far-skeealaght

Kianglaghyn magh

• Black Holes er In Our Time ec y BBC (ayns Baarle)
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Singularities and Black Holes" lesh Erik Curiel as Peter Bokulich. (ayns Baarle)
• Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull – Ynnyd-eggey yl-veanagh eddyr-obbree bentyn rish fishig as rollageydys tuill ghoo veih'n Space Telescope Science Institute (HubbleSite) (ayns Baarle)
• Black Hole Visualization lesh yn ESA Er ny hashtey 3 Boaldyn 2019 ec y Wayback Machine (ayns Baarle)
• Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Black Holes (ayns Baarle)

Feeshanyn

• Studeyrys 16 bleeaney geiyrt er rollageyn ta cruinlaghey Sagittarius A* (ayns Baarle)
• Feeshan jeh Yeearreyder Towl Doo veih Undinys Max Planck (ayns Baarle)
• "3D simulations of colliding black holes hailed as most realistic yet" (20 Averil 2015). Nature.. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17360.  (ayns Baarle)
• Computer visualisation of the signal detected by LIGO (ayns Baarle)