Kiangley kemmigagh
Ta shin gra kiangley kemmigagh rish ny forseyn ta freayll breneenyn ry-cheilley. Ta ny forseyn tayrnagh jeant liorish aa-reaghey lectraneyn ayns ny fynneigyn sodjey magh ayns breneenyn.
Ny gassyn ooasle as reill yn oghtread
[reagh | edit source]Ta ny gassyn ooasle ayns possan 0 (ta shin gra possan VIII rish shen neesht) ta ry-gheddyn er y laue yesh jeh taabyl ny bunstooghyn. Ta ooiley ny gassyn ooasle feer neu-ymobbreeagh (ta'n fockle 'argon' çheet veih fockle Greagish as y cheeall 'litçheragh' echey) - ta ny gassyn ooasle jeant ass un vreneen ny lomarcan.
She William Ramsay (1852-1916) y kemmigagh Albinagh ren feddyn magh queig jeh ny gassyn ooasle. Rug eshyn ayns Glaschu, as ren eh studeyrys er kemmig 'sy Ghermaan fo stiurey Robert Bunsen. Ta sleih cooinaghtyn er Ramsay er yn oyr dy dooar eh magh argon (1894), hailium (1895), neoin (1898), krypton (1898) as xenon (1898). Scarr eh neoin, krypton, as xenon rish aer va jeant ny ushlagh. Chossyn William Ramsay Aundyr Nobel ayns 1904 son geddyn ny queig gassyn ooasle imraait heose.
Hoshiaght, va sleih gra 'ny gassyn taaue' rish ny gassyn ooasle, son dy row ad cho neu-ymobbreeagh. Agh eisht v'eh feddynit magh dy noddagh krypton as xenon ymobbraghey ny keayrtyn. Foddee nagh vel co-vunstoo jeh hailium, jeh neoin ny jeh argon feddynit foast. Er y fa dy vel ny gassyn ooasle cho neu-ymobbreeagh, t'ad ymmydoil. Myr sampleyr, foddee hailium goll er ymmydey dy hauçhey ayns mollagyn aeragh as ayns lhongyn-aer. S'gaueagh mollag aeragh ny lhong-aer ta lheent lesh hiddragien. 'Sy vlein 1937, y lhong-aer Ghermaanagh Hindenburg va lheent lesh hiddragien, ren ee sheidey seose ayns lossanyn erskyn New Jersey. Va mysh lieh-cheead troailtagh marrooit kyndagh rish shen as, son y chooid smoo, va shen y jerrey jeh ny lhongyn-aer myr saase-arraghey. Bentyn da neoin, ta ymmyd jeant jeh ayns cowraghyn-soilsheydys. Ta fillamad tungsten ayns bolgan ta lhieent lesh neoin. Tra ta stroo lectragh roie trooid y fillamad, ta'n argon gymobbraghey lesh y tungsten, ta çheet dy ve ny vrasnag vane-çheh (2500°C) ta cur magh ram soilshey. Ta ymmyd jeant jeh krypton as xenon ayns londeyryn niartal ayns thieyn-soilshey as fotografeeaght.
-
Hailium -
Neion -
Argon -
Krypton -
Xenon
C'ren fa ta ny gassyn ooasle cho neu-ymobbreeagh?
[reagh | edit source]My t'ou jeeaghyn er reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns ny breneenyn jeh paart jeh ny gassyn ooasle, t'ou fakin dy vel hoght lecraneyn 'syn 'ynneig sodjey magh. Er yn oyr dy vel ny gassyn ooasle cho neu-ymobbreeagh, shegin da'n reaghey shoh jeh ny lectraneyn ve doillee dy chaghlaa - ta kianglaghyn kemmigagh ennagh croghey er lectraneyn goll noon as noal eddyr breneenyn, as ta shen taghyrt ayns ny fynneigyn sodjey magh. Ta red ennagh er-lheh bentyn da'n earroo dy lectraneyn ayns ny fynneigyn shen. Ta hoght lectraneyn 'syn 'ynneig sodjey magh ayns ny breneenyn jeh'n chooid smoo jeh ny gassyn ooasle, as ta shen leeideil gys reill yn oghtread. Ta shin gra yn oghtread fondagh rish ny hoght lectraneyn ta 'syn 'ynneig sodjey magh - agh ta'n chied 'ynneig lane (shen yn ynrican fynneig as lectraneyn aynjee). Ta troyn hailium kiart goll rish troyn ny bunstooghyn elley sy phossan cheddin, as myr shen, ta hailium kinjagh coontit dy vel nane jeh ny gassyn ooasle.
Cha nee leigh fondagh kemmigagh reill yn oghtread, agh aght dy chooney lesh toiggal kiangley kemmigagh. Cha nel hiddragien as litçhey biallagh rish reill yn oghtread. Tra ta hiddragien as litçhey goaill ayrn ayns kiangley kemmigagh, t'ad prowal dy gheddyn yn reaghey cheddin as hailium. Cha nel ny meainyn-caghlaaee biallagh rish reill yn oghtread.
| Bunstoo | Reaghey ny lectraneyn |
|---|---|
| Hailium | 2 |
| Neoin | 2, 8 |
| Argon | 2, 8, 8 |
Reill yn Oghtread: tra ta kiangley kemmigagh taghyrt, ta breneen prowal dy gheddyn hoght lectraneyn syn ynneig-lectrane sodjey magh.
Cha nel ny gassyn ooasle ymobreeagh er y fa dy vel reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns ny fynneigyn sodjey magh feer fondagh. Ta bunstooghyn elley goaill ayrn ayns kianglaghyn kemmigagh er y fa nagh vel reaghey nyn lectraneyn cho fondagh as reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns breneenyn ny gassyn ooasle. Ta daa phreeu-horçh dy chiangley kemmigagh ayn: y kiangley eeaneagh (ny lectrofioosagh) as y kiangley co-iooseagh.
Y kiangley eeaneagh
[reagh | edit source]
Ta shoh jeant tra ta un lectrane, er-nonney ny shlee na shen, goll er coonrey eddyr breneenyn. Tra ta breneen naeear coayl lectrane(yn), t'eh çheet dy ve ny eeane jarrooagh - she floag lughtit t'ayn: ta ny shlee protaneyn na lectraneyn 'sy vreneen. As tra ta breneen naeear cosney lectrane(yn), t'eh çheet dy ve ny eeane jiooldagh - she floag lughtit t'ayn: ta ny shlee lectraneyn na protaneyn 'sy vreneen.
| Eeaneyn jarrooagh | Eeaneyn jiooldagh |
|---|---|
| Li+ | F- |
| Na+ | Cl- |
| K+ | Br- |
Sampleyr
[reagh | edit source]Tra ta breneen sodjum coayl yn ynrican lectrane ta syn ynneig sodjey magh, eisht ta 8 lectraneyn sy nah ynneig sodjey magh: Na (2, 8, 1) → Na+ + lectrane.
Cha nel breneen naeear sodjum coayl lectrane dy aashagh - ta'n tayrnys eddyr y çheshvean (lught jarrooagh) as y lectrane (lught jiooldagh) lhiettal shen. Agh ta breneen sodjum cur lectrane da breneen cloreen aashagh dy liooar. Ta shoh taghyrt tra ta breneen sodjum kiangley lesh breneen cloreen dy yannoo co-vreneen dy chloreed sodjum, lurg da ny breneenyn v'er jeed dy ve nyn eeaneyn.
Jeeaghyn er yn ym-obbraghey shoh:
- reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns breneen naeear sodjum (Na) = 2, 8, 1
- reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns breneen naeear cloreen (Cl) = 2, 8, 7
My nee yn breneen sodjum cur yn lectrane sodjey da'n vreneen cloreen, s'baghtal dy bee 8 lectraneyn ayns ny fynneigyn sodjey magh ec y jees oc - as dy bee yn jees oc jeant booiagh! Ta Na çheet dy ve Na+, as ta Cl çheet dy ve Cl-, as da'n daa eeane goll er tayrn ry-cheilley dy yannoo co-vreneen dy NaCl - cloreed sodjum (sollan). Ta kiangley eeanagh eddyr yn eeane sodjum as yn eeane cloreen.
Sampleyr elley
[reagh | edit source]Ta magnaishum lostey dy gial ayns ocsygien, as ta shen croo poodyr bane ta shin gra ocseed vagnaishum rish. Ta gagh co-vreneen jeh ocseed vagnaishum jeant ass eeane Mg2+ as eeane O2-. Shoh reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns ny breneenyn shoh:
- Mg = 2, 8, 2
- O = 2, 6
Ta gagh breneen Mg cur e lectraneyn mooie da breneen ocsygien. Er yn oyr dy vel daa lectrane caillit ec y vreneen Mg, ta shin screeu symbol yn eeane myr Mg2+. As er yn oyr dy vel daa lectrane cosnit ec y vreneen O, ta shin screeu yn eeane shen myr O2-.
Y kiangley cofioosagh
[reagh | edit source]Cha nel beoyn er co-stooghyn ennagh lectraneyn y choayl ny lectraneyn y chosney. Dy cliaghtagh, ta neu-veainyn myr shen, myr sampleyr, carboan as hiddragien. Bentyn da co-vreneenyn as daa neu-veain ayndaue, ta ny breneenyn jannoo nyn gooid share dy gheddyn hoght lectraneyn ayns nyn vynneigyn-lectrane sodjey magh liorish rheynn lectraneyn. She kiangley cofioosagh t'ayn eisht.
Son y chooid smoo, she kianglaghyn cofioosagh t'ec co-vreneenyn nagh vel ayndaue agh neu-veainyn, myr hiddragien (H2), cloreen (Cl2), neetragien (N2), ushtey (H2O), ammoiney (NH3), mettane (CH4), daa-ocseed charboan (CO2), a.m.s.
Kianglaghyn unnaneagh cofioosagh
[reagh | edit source]Sampleyr nane
[reagh | edit source]Ayns gas hiddragien, cha nel breneenyn hiddragien nyn lomarcan - she co-vreneenyn t'ayn dy bollagh. Ayns gagh co-vreneen hiddragien, ta daa vreneen hiddragien kianglt ry-cheilley. Ayns gagh breneen hiddragien, cha nel agh un lectrane (H = 1). Dy chosney reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns hailium (He = 2), ta daa vreneen hiddragien çheet ry-cheilley dy rheynn lectraneyn dy ve goll rish hailium.
Myr shen, ta daa lectrane syn ynneig sodjey magh ec gagh breneen hiddragien - y lectrane echey hene as y lectrane rheynnit. Ta shin gra kiangley unnaneagh cofioosagh rish rheynn y phiyr-lectrane. Dy mennick, ta'n kiangley cofioosagh shoh screeut myr shoh: H-H.
Sampleyr jees
[reagh | edit source]Kiart goll rish gas hiddragien, ayns gas cloreen she co-vreneenyn jeant ass daa vreneen t'ayn. Ta piyryn dy vreneenyn cloreen kianglt ry-cheilley liorish kiangley cofioosagh. S'leayr yn aght ta ny breneenyn cloreen goll er kiangley ry-cheilley my ta shin jeeaghyn er reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns breneen cloreen: Cl = 2, 8, 7
Sampleyr tree
[reagh | edit source]Ayns co-vreneen mettane (gas dooghyssagh), ta un vreneen carboan ny lomarcan kianglt rish kiare breneenyn hiddragien. S'aashagh toiggal yn aght ta co-vreneen mettane goll er troggal my ta shin jeeaghyn er reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns ny breneenyn C as H:
- C = 2, 4
- H = 1
Ta'n breneen carboan as ny kiare breneenyn hiddragien rheynn lectraneyn dy lhieeney ny fynneigyn sodjey magh oc.
Kianglaghyn cofioosagh dooblit as tree-filley
[reagh | edit source]Choud as shoh, ta shin er ve jeeaghyn er kianglaghyn cofioosagh raad ta piyr dy lectraneyn goll er rheynn eddyr daa vreneen. Agh ayns co-vreneenyn ennagh ta ny breneenyn cummit ry-cheilley liorish rheynn daa phiyr, ny tree piyryn, dy lectraneyn.
- Tra ta un phiyr dy lectraneyn goll er rheynn, she kiangley cofioosagh unnaneagh t'ayn.
- Tra ta daa phiyr dy lectraneyn goll er rheynn, she kiangley cofioosagh dooble t'ayn.
- Tra ta tree piyryn dy lectraneyn goll er rheynn, she kiangley cofioosagh tree-filley t'ayn.
Kianglaghyn cofioosagh dooblit
[reagh | edit source]Ayns co-vreneen ocsygien, O2, she kiangley dooble t'ayn. T'eh çheet lesh gagh breneen ocsygien hoght lectraneyn syn ynneig sodjey magh echey y chosney. Ta e hey lectraneyn hene ec gagh breneen ocsygien ayns yn ynneig sodjey magh echey, as t'eh rheynn daa lectrane elley. Ta sambyl elley jeh'n chiangley dooble ry-gheddyn ayns co-vreneen carboan.
Kianglaghyn cofioosagh tree-filley
[reagh | edit source]Ta sambyl jeh kiangley tree-filley ry-gheddyn ayns co-vreneen neetragien. S'doillee yn kiangley eddyr ny breneenyn neetragien y vrishey. Shen y fa dy vel gas neetragien cho neu-ymobbreeagh. Cooinee dy nee N = 2, 5 reaghey ny lectraneyn ayns breneen neetragien.
Troyn co-vunstooghyn eeaneagh as cofioosagh
[reagh | edit source]| Lhiuridyn kiangley sampleyragh ayns pm
as breeyn ny kianglaghyn ayns kJ/mol. | ||
| Kiangley | Lhiurid (pm) |
Bree (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|
| H — Hiddragien | ||
| H–H | 74 | 436 |
| H–O | 96 | 366 |
| H–F | 92 | 568 |
| H–Cl | 127 | 432 |
| C — Carboan | ||
| C–H | 109 | 413 |
| C–C | 154 | 348 |
| C–C= | 151 | |
| =C–C≡ | 147 | |
| =C–C= | 148 | |
| C=C | 134 | 614 |
| C≡C | 120 | 839 |
| C–N | 147 | 308 |
| C–O | 143 | 360 |
| C–F | 134 | 488 |
| C–Cl | 177 | 330 |
| N — Nitrageen | ||
| N–H | 101 | 391 |
| N–N | 145 | 170 |
| N≡N | 110 | 945 |
| O — Ocsygien | ||
| O–O | 148 | 145 |
| O=O | 121 | 498 |
| F, Cl, Br, I — Hallageenyn | ||
| F–F | 142 | 158 |
| Cl–Cl | 199 | 243 |
| Br–H | 141 | 366 |
| Br–Br | 228 | 193 |
| I–H | 161 | 298 |
| I–I | 267 | 151 |
Ta co-vunstooghyn eeaneagh (lectrofioosagh) jeant ass eeaneyn. Ta eayl jeant ass eeaneyn Ca2+ as O2- ta cummit ry-cheilley liorish boandey eeaneagh. Dy cliaghtagh, ta millioonyn jeu goll er sniemmey ry-cheilley crystal y chroo. Ta shin gymmeydey scellyn-X dy gheddyn magh reaghey ny eeaneyn ayns crystalyn. She William Henry Bragg as e vac William Lawrence Bragg ren lhiasaghey yn aght dy gheddyn magh y strughtoor crystalyn lesh skellyn-X.
William as Lawrence Bragg
[reagh | edit source]S'ard-ghooagh William Bragg (1862-1942), y fishigagh Sostnagh, as e vac Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971) er yn oyr dy ren ad gymmeydey scellyn-X y strughtoor jeh crystalyn y gheddyn magh. Dod ad taishbyney dy row crystalyn dy stoo goll rish cloreed sodjum jeant ass millioonyn dy h-eeaneyn cloreed as eeaneyn sodjum reaghit dy reajagh. Sy vlein 1915, chossyn ad yn Aundyr Nobel ayns paart son yn obbyr oc ayns crystallografeeaght scell-X. She ny Braggyn yn ynrican ayr as mac chossyn yn onnor shoh. Haink Lawrence Bragg dy ve ny Olloo Fishag ec Ollooscoill Chambridge. Tra dirree eh ass yn obbur shen, va anaase mooar echey er ynsaghey sheanse da sleih aegey.
Troyn cadjin co-vunstooghyn eeaneagh
[reagh | edit source]- Dy cliaghtagh, she stooaltaneyn co-vunstooghyn eeaneagh ec tempreilys-shamyr. Y tayrnys lajer eddyr ny h-eeaneyn jarrooagh as ny h-eeaneyn jiooldagh ayns ny crystalyn, t'eh cummal ny crystalyn ry-cheilley as cur cummey shickyr daue.
- S'ard ny pointyn-lheie as ny pointyn-broie t'ec co-vunstooghyn eeaneagh. S'ymmyrçhagh ram bree ny h-eeaneyn y scarrey. Myr sampleyr, ta point-lheie cloreed sodjum erskyn 800°C, as ta'n point-broie echey bunnys 1500°C.
- Dy cliaghtagh, ta covunstooghyn eeaneagh lheie ayns ushtey. Ta tayrnys eddyr co-vreneenyn ushtey as eeaneyn. Ta ny h-eeaneyn goll er tayrn ass y chleeah crystallagh as t'ad goll er lheie.
- Foddee lectraghys roie trooid covunstooghyn eeaneagh tra t'ad lheit, ny tra t'ad lheiht ayns ushtey. Ayns ny staydyn shen, foddee ny h-eeaneyn gleashaghey mygeayrt as y stroo lectragh y ymmyrkey. Cha nod lectraghys roie trooid co-vunstoo eeaneagh tra t'eh stooaltane er y fa nagh vel ny h-eeaneyn seyr dy ghleashaghey mygeayrt eisht.
Troyn cadjin co-vunstooghyn cofioosagh
[reagh | edit source]Dy mennick, ta co-vunstooghyn jeant ass bunstooghyn ta ry-gheddyn sy vean jeh Taabyl ny Bunstooghyn, m.s., carboan, neetragien, fosfaar, a.m.s. sambil jeh co-vunstooghyn cofioosagh, shen ushtey, mettane, ammoiney, a.m.s.. Ta paart dy hroyn co-chadjin ec ny co-vunstooghyn ooilliu:
- She ushlee ny gassyn co-vunstooghyn cofioosagh ec tempreilys-shamyr, son y chooid smoo. Cha nel forsey lajer tayrn ny co-vreneenyn ry-cheilley.
- Pointyn-lheie as pointyn-broie ny co-vunstoghyn cofioosagh, t'ad injil son y chooid smoo. Cha nel forsey lajer cummal ny co-vreneenyn ry-cheilley. Myr shen, cha nel feme er monney bree dy hayrn no co-vreneenyn veih my cheilley. She 0°C y point-lheie jeh rio, as she 100°C y point-broie jeh ushtey.
- Co-vunstooghyn dy liooar (agh cha nee ad ooilley), cha nel ad lheie ayns ushtey. Cha nel shen taghyrt er yn oyr nagh vel eeaneyn ayns co-vunstooghyn cofioosagh. Agh ta co-vunstooghyn dy liooar lheie ayns ushtey.
- Cha nod lectraghys strooaney trooid co-vunstooghyn cofioosagh. Cha nel eeaneyn ayns co-vunstooghyn cofioosagh, as myr shen cha not lectraghys roie trooid oc. Agh, ny keayrtyn, foddee covunstooghyn ymobbraghey lesh ushtey, as ta eeaneyn jeant eisht. Myr sampleyr, ta cloreed hiddragien, HCl, lheih ayns ushtey, as eisht foddee lectraghys strooaney trooid y lheihys.
Giare-choontey troyn ny co-vunstooghyn eeaneagh as cofioosagh:
[reagh | edit source]| Co-vunstooghyn eeaneagh | Co-vunstooghyn cofioosagh |
|---|---|
| Stooaltaneyn dy cliaghtagh ec tempreilys-shamyr. | Ushlee ny gassyn ec tempreilys-shamyr. |
| Pointyn-lheie as pointyn-broie ard dy cliaghtagh. | Pointyn-lheie as pointyn-broie injil dy cliaghtagh. |
| Goll er lheie ayns ushtey dy cliaghtagh. | Cha nel ad goll er lheie ayns ushtey dy cliaghtagh. |
| Lectraghys roie nyn drooid as ad lheit ny lheit ayns ushtey. | Cha nod lectraghys roie nyn drooid dy cliaghtagh. |
Lettyraght
[reagh | edit source]- Gernot Frenking: Chemische Bindung. In: Römpp Chemie-Lexikon. Thieme Verlag, Stand 2006 (Römpp-Online).
- James E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L. Keiter: Anorganische Chemie. 3. Auflage, de Gruyter, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-11-017903-2.
- Arnold F. Holleman, Nils Wiberg: Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie. 102. Auflage, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1.
- Werner Kutzelnigg: Einführung in die Theoretische Chemie, Teil II: Die chemische Bindung. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002, ISBN 3-527-30609-9.
- Joachim Reinhold: Quantentheorie der Moleküle. 3. Auflage, Teubner, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-8351-0037-8.
- Linus Pauling: Die Natur der chemischen Bindung. 2. Nachdruck der aus dem Englischen übersetzten 3. Auflage von 1960, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1988, ISBN 978-3-527-25217-6.